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Development and application of LC–APCI–MS method for biomonitoring of animal and human exposure to imidacloprid |
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| Authors: | Matthaios P Kavvalakis Manolis N Tzatzarakis Eleftheria P Theodoropoulou Emmanouil G Barbounis Andreas K Tsakalof Aristidis M Tsatsakis |
| Institution: | 1. Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete 71409, Greece;2. Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41222, Greece |
| Abstract: | Imidacloprid (IMI) is a relatively new neuro-active neonicotinoid insecticide and nowadays one of the largest selling insecticides worldwide. In the present study a LC–APCI–MS based method was developed and validated for the quantification of imidacloprid and its main metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CINA) in urine and hair specimens. The method was tested in biomonitoring of intentionally exposed animals and subsequently applied for biomonitoring of Cretan urban and rural population. |
| Keywords: | IMI imidacloprid 6-ClNA 6-chloronicotinic acid ILD imidacloprid low dose group IHD imidacloprid high dose group LOD limit of detection LOQ limit of quantification LC&ndash MS liquid chromatography&ndash mass spectrometry HPLC high performance liquid chromatography APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization SIM selected ions monitoring CDL curved desolvation system WHO World Health Organization USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency SD standard deviation LD50 lethal dose (50% of population) |
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