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Evidence-Based Knowledge Versus Negotiated Indicators for Assessment of Ecological Sustainability: The Swedish Forest Stewardship Council Standard as a Case Study |
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| Authors: | Per Angelstam Jean-Michel Roberge Robert Axelsson Marine Elbakidze Karl-Olof Bergman Anders Dahlberg Erik Degerman Sönke Eggers Per-Anders Esseen Joakim Hjältén Therese Johansson Jörg Müller Heidi Paltto Tord Snäll Ihor Soloviy Johan Törnblom |
| Institution: | 1. Faculty of Forest Sciences, School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 43, 730 91, Skinnskatteberg, Sweden 2. Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Ume?, Sweden 3. Faculty of Forest Sciences, School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 43, 739 21, Skinnskatteberg, Sweden 4. Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Link?ping University, 581 83, Link?ping, Sweden 10. Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7007, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden 5. Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden 6. Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Pappersbruksallén 22, 702 15, ?rebro, Sweden 7. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden 8. Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Ume? University, 901 87, Ume?, Sweden 9. National Park Bavarian Forest, Freyunger Strasse 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany 11. Institute of Ecological Economics, Ukrainian National Forestry University, Gen. Chuprynky 103, Lviv, Ukraine |
| Abstract: | Assessing ecological sustainability involves monitoring of indicators and comparison of their states with performance targets that are deemed sustainable. First, a normative model was developed centered on evidence-based knowledge about (a) forest composition, structure, and function at multiple scales, and (b) performance targets derived by quantifying the habitat amount in naturally dynamic forests, and as required for presence of populations of specialized focal species. Second, we compared the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification standards’ ecological indicators from 1998 and 2010 in Sweden to the normative model using a Specific, Measurable, Accurate, Realistic, and Timebound (SMART) indicator approach. Indicator variables and targets for riparian and aquatic ecosystems were clearly under-represented compared to terrestrial ones. FSC’s ecological indicators expanded over time from composition and structure towards function, and from finer to coarser spatial scales. However, SMART indicators were few. Moreover, they poorly reflected quantitative evidence-based knowledge, a consequence of the fact that forest certification mirrors the outcome of a complex social negotiation process. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity Monitoring Indicators Performance targets Negotiation Social learning |
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