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Long-chain perfluorinated chemicals in digested sewage sludges in Switzerland |
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| Authors: | Sun Hongwen Gerecke Andreas C Giger Walter Alder Alfredo C |
| Institution: | a MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China b Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland c GRC, Giger Research Consulting, CH-8049 Zürich, Switzerland d Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland |
| Abstract: | This study focused on the occurrence of long-chain perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in anaerobically stabilized sewage sludges from 20 municipal WWTPs using current and historic samples to evaluate the levels of PFCs and to identify the relative importance of commercial and industrial sources. A quantitative analytical method was developed based on solvent extraction of the analytes and a LC-MS/MS system. For total perfluoralkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), the concentrations ranged from 14 to 50 μg/kg dry matter. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) ranged from 15 to 600 μg/kg dry matter. In three WWTPs, the PFOS levels were six to nine times higher than the average values measured in the other plants. These elevated PFOS concentrations did not correlate with higher levels of PFCAs, indicating specific additional local sources for PFOS at these WWTPs. Average concentrations in selected samples from the years 1993, 2002, and 2008 did not change significantly. |
| Keywords: | Perfluorochemicals PFOS PFOA Sludge WWTP LC-MS/MS |
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