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Effect of 3 years' free-air exposure to elevated ozone on mature Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) needle epicuticular wax physicochemical characteristics |
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| Authors: | Kevin E Percy Sirkku Manninen Karl-Heinz Häberle H Werner Rainer Matyssek |
| Institution: | a Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, 1350 Regent Street, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5P7 b Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland c Department of Biology, P.O. Box 3000, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland d Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany e Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany |
| Abstract: | We examined the effect of ozone (O3) on Norway spruce (Picea abies) needle epicuticular wax over three seasons at the Kranzberg Ozone Fumigation Experiment. Exposure to 2× ambient O3 ranged from 64.5 to 74.2 μl O3 l−1 h AOT40, and 117.1 to 123.2 nl O3 l−1 4th highest daily maximum 8-h average O3 concentration. The proportion of current-year needle surface covered by wax tubes, tube aggregates, and plates decreased (P = 0.011) under 2× O3. Epistomatal chambers had increased deposits of amorphous wax. Proportion of secondary alcohols varied due to year (P = 0.004) and O3 treatment (P = 0.029). Secondary alcohols were reduced by 9.1% under 2× O3. Exposure to 2× O3 increased (P = 0.037) proportions of fatty acids by 29%. Opposing trends in secondary alcohols and fatty acids indicate a direct action of O3 on wax biosynthesis. These results demonstrate O3-induced changes in biologically important needle surface characteristics of 50-year-old field-grown trees. |
| Keywords: | Epicuticular wax Free-air exposure Mature trees Norway spruce (Picea abies) Ozone |
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