|
|||||
|
|
Appraisal of measurement methods, chemical composition and sources of fine atmospheric particles over six different areas of Northern Belgium |
|
| Authors: | László Bencs Khaiwal Ravindra Johan de Hoog Nico Bleux Felix Deutsch René Van Grieken |
| Institution: | a Micro and Trace Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium b Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom c Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium d Flemish Environment Agency (VMM), Kronenburgstraat 45, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium |
| Abstract: | Daily and seasonal variation in the total elemental, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content and mass of PM2.5 were studied at industrial, urban, suburban and agricultural/rural areas. Continuous (optical Dustscan, standard tapered element oscillating micro-balance (TEOM), TEOM with filter dynamics measurement system), semi-continuous (Partisol filter-sampling) and non-continuous (Dekati-impactor sampling and gravimetry) methods of PM2.5 mass monitoring were critically evaluated. The average elemental fraction accounted for 2-6% of the PM2.5 mass measured by gravimetry. Metals, like K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were strongly inter-correlated, also frequently with non-metallic elements (P, S, Cl and/or Br) and EC/OC. A high OC/EC ratio (2-9) was generally observed. The total carbon content of PM2.5 ranged between 3 and 77% (averages: 12-32%), peaking near industrial/heavy trafficked sites. Principal component analysis identified heavy oil burning, ferrous/non-ferrous industry and vehicular emissions as the main sources of metal pollution. |
| Keywords: | Respirable particles PM10 Heavy metals Mineral content EDXRF analysis Soot Multivariate analysis Non-exhaust emission |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ | |