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Mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric heavy metal deposition: Spatial patterns and temporal trends in Europe |
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| Authors: | H Harmens DA Norris |
| Institution: | a Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK b Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway c Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kirkkosaarentie 7, 91500 Muhos, Finland d Environmental Agency of Bolzano, 39055 Laives, Italy e International Sakharov Environmental University, Minsk, Belarus f National Botanical Garden, Academy of Science of Ukraine, Timiryazevs’ka St. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine g Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Çanakkale, Turkey h Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands i Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium j University of Santiago de Compestela, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain k Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency, Maskavas Str. 165, Riga LV 1019, Latvia l Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Str. Joliot-Curie 6, 141980 Dubna, Russian Federation m University of Navarra, Irunlarrea No 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain n Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31512 Krakow, Poland o Jo?ef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia p University of Opole, Poland q Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg D. Obradovica 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia r Institute of Physics, Savanoriu Ave 231, 02300 Vilnius, Lithuania s Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, Case 39, 75005 Paris, France t Tallinn Botanic Garden, Kloostrimetsa tee 52, 11913 Tallinn, Estonia u Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Hlemmur 3, 125 Reykjavík, Iceland v Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Science, Štefánikova Str. 3, 814 99 Bratislava, Slovakia w Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, PO Box 1553, D-49356 Vechta, Germany x Humlekärrshultsvägen 10, 572 41 Oskarshamn, Sweden y Oikon Ltd., Institute for Applied Ecology, Avenija V. Holjevca 20, 10020 Zagreb, Croatia z Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Kvetnove namesti 391, 252 43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic aa FUB-Research Group for Environmental Monitoring, Alte Jonastrasse 83, 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland bb Saints Cyril and Methodius University, PO Box 162, 1000 Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia cc Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G.Bonchev Str., Block 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria dd University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria |
| Abstract: | In recent decades, mosses have been used successfully as biomonitors of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. Since 1990, the European moss survey has been repeated at five-yearly intervals. Although spatial patterns were metal-specific, in 2005 the lowest concentrations of metals in mosses were generally found in Scandinavia, the Baltic States and northern parts of the UK; the highest concentrations were generally found in Belgium and south-eastern Europe. The recent decline in emission and subsequent deposition of heavy metals across Europe has resulted in a decrease in the heavy metal concentration in mosses for the majority of metals. Since 1990, the concentration in mosses has declined the most for arsenic, cadmium, iron, lead and vanadium (52-72%), followed by copper, nickel and zinc (20-30%), with no significant reduction being observed for mercury (12% since 1995) and chromium (2%). However, temporal trends were country-specific with sometimes increases being found. |
| Keywords: | Biomonitoring EMEP maps Heavy metals Metal deposition Moss survey |
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