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Advances of air pollution science: From forest decline to multiple-stress effects on forest ecosystem services |
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| Authors: | E Paoletti M Schaub G Wieser AM Bastrup-Birk MS Günthardt-Goerg Y Serengil |
| Institution: | a Institute of Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy b Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland c Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany d Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape BFW, Innsbruck, Austria e Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Kaunas, Lithuania f Forestry and Wood Products, University of Copenhagen, Hoersholm, Denmark g USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA, USA h Department of Watershed Management, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey |
| Abstract: | Over the past 20 years, the focus of forest science on air pollution has moved from forest decline to a holistic framework of forest health, and from the effects on forest production to the ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems. Hence, future research should focus on the interacting factorial impacts and resulting antagonistic and synergistic responses of forest trees and ecosystems. The synergistic effects of air pollution and climatic changes, in particular elevated ozone, altered nitrogen, carbon and water availability, must be key issues for research. Present evidence suggests air pollution will become increasingly harmful to forests under climate change, which requires integration amongst various stressors (abiotic and biotic factors, including competition, parasites and fire), effects on forest services (production, biodiversity protection, soil protection, sustained water balance, socio-economical relevance) and assessment approaches (research, monitoring, modeling) to be fostered. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution Climate change Forests Ozone Nitrogen Carbon dioxide |
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