Health risks from arsenic-contaminated soil in Flin Flon–Creighton,Canada: Integrating geostatistical simulation and dose–response model |
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| Authors: | Hua Zhang Guo-he Huang Guang-ming Zeng |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience & Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada;3. College of Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University — Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412-5797, USA;4. Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulics Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China;1. Institut de Recherche en Mines et en Environnement, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 341 rue Principale Nord, Amos J9T 2L8, Canada;2. Institut de Recherche en Mines et en Environnement, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 475 boulevard de l''Université, Rouyn-Noranda J9X 5E4, Canada;1. Population Cancer Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada;2. Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada;8. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;9. Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;10. Cancer, Petroleum and Environmental Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;11. Environmental Research Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Rasht, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Elevated concentrations of arsenic were detected in surface soils adjacent to a smelting complex in northern Canada. We evaluated the cancer risks caused by exposure to arsenic in two communities through combining geostatistical simulation with demographic data and dose–response models in a framework. Distribution of arsenic was first estimated using geostatistical circulant-embedding simulation method. We then evaluated the exposures from inadvertent ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. Risks of skin caner and three internal cancers were estimated at both grid scale and census-unit scale using parametric dose–response models. Results indicated that local residents could face non-negligible cancer risks (skin cancer and liver cancer mainly). Uncertainties of risk estimates were discussed from the aspects of arsenic concentrations, exposed population and dose–response model. Reducing uncertainties would require additional soil sampling, epidemic records as well as complementary studies on land use, demographic variation, outdoor activities and bioavailability of arsenic. |
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