电动与内燃机汽车的动力系统生命周期环境影响对比分析

以国内某两款同一车型的电动与内燃机汽车的动力系统为研究对象,通过生命周期分析软件GaBi建立生命周期评价(LCA)模型,在清单数据分析的基础上,采用CML2001模型对两种动力系统分别进行了定量的生命周期环境影响评价.评价结果表明,电动汽车动力系统的全生命周期综合环境影响比内燃机汽车动力系统高60.15％,并分别通过回收阶段分析、电能结构分析和敏感性分析对这一结果进行了解释:回收阶段中酸化、富营养化和光化学臭氧合成3种环境影响类型的直接排放大于回收得到的环境效益；电动汽车动力系统的环境影响随着火力发电比例的下降而减小,增大水能、风力和核能发电在电力系统中所占比例能有效降低电动汽车对环境的影响；动力系统重量对电动汽车动力系统的环境排放影响最为敏感,电池充电效率次之,制造阶段能耗的敏感度最小.将动力系统使用阶段的环境影响分配到整车,则电动汽车的生命周期环境影响比内燃机汽车低0.14％,且主要环境影响类型是全球变暖、酸化和富营养化.

Comparative analysis of life cycle environmental impact between power system of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles

Life cycle environmental impacts of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles of the same domestic motorcycle type are assessed by building a LCA model through GABI and using CML 2001 model on the basis of inventory data analysis. The assessment results indicate that the life cycle environmental impact of the electric vehicle power system is 60.15% higher than the internal combustion engine vehicles. Through the analysis of recovery phase, power structure and sensitivity, it is discovered that in the recovery phase, the direct emissions of the three environment impacts, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical ozone synthesis, are higher than the environmental benefit. The environmental impact of electric vehicle power system is reduced with the decline of the proportion of the thermal power generation, so it is effective to reduce the environment impacts of the electric vehicle by increasing the proportion of hydro, wind and nuclear power generation in the power system. Weight of the power system is the most sensitive to the environmental impacts of electric vehicle power systems, followed by battery charging efficiency, and the manufacturing phase energy consumption. The impact of the two power systems can be allocated to the whole vehicle in the using phase, and the life cycle environmental impact of electric vehicle is 0.14% lower than the internal combustion engine vehicle. The main environmental impacts are reflected in global warming, acidification and eutrophication.