淀山湖水、沉积物和鱼体中的合成麝香及人体暴露评估

合成麝香是一类"类持久性"有机污染物,研究其在城市近郊湖泊的污染变化,可以更好地了解生活污染源对湖泊水环境的影响特点,为湖泊水环境研究积累更多基础数据.研究了上海近郊淀山湖水体、沉积物和鱼体中合成麝香的污染状况及其人体的暴露状况.结果表明,佳乐麝香(HHCB)是表层水和沉积物中的主要合成麝香类污染物,平均浓度为11.9 ng·L-1和0.98 ng·g-1干重.合成麝香在淀山湖野生鱼体中也有存在,主要污染物HHCB的中值浓度为122 ng·g-1脂重.淀山湖水环境的整体污染水平不高.表层水的合成麝香污染受到采样时间影响较明显,7月丰水期的表层水浓度偏低(Mann-Whitney U检验,p=0.000,p0.05);沉积物浓度随采样时间的变化并不十分明显.淀山湖进水区域采样点的污染程度普遍高于出水区域.淀山湖沉积物的HHCB浓度远小于底栖生物的无观察效应浓度(no observed effect concentration).经食物摄入(饮食、饮水)途径暴露的合成麝香量仅为0.90 ng·d-1·kg-1体重,显著低于因个人护理用品使用产生的皮肤暴露量.淀山湖水环境已受到合成麝香的影响,但污染水平较低,生态风险和健康影响很小.

Synthetic musk in surface water, sediment, and fish collected from Dianshan Lake and the human exposure assessment

Synthetic musks are a kind of pseudo-persistence organic pollutants. The studies of the contamination levels and distribution characteristics of synthetic musks in the suburban lakes can provide more fundamental data and lead to more comprehensive understanding of their changes in the aquatic environment of the lakes. In the present study, synthetic musks in surface water, sediment and fish collected from Dianshan Lake and the associated human exposure were investigated. The results showed that galaxolide (HHCB) was the main synthetic musk, with average concentrations of 11.9 ng·L^-1 in surface water, and 0.98 ng·g^-1 dry weight in sediments, respectively. Accumulation of synthetic musks in wild fish was also observed with the median concentration being 122 ng·g^-1lipid weight. The contamination levels of synthetic musks in Dianshan Lake were lower compared with other regions. The pollution of synthetic musks in surface water was mostly dependent on the sampling time. The concentrations at the wet seasons were significant lower than those at dry and ordinary seasons (Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.000, p<0.05). In contrast, the seasonal variations of the contamination levels in the sediments were insignificant. The pollution levels in the inlet area were generally higher than those in the effluent area. The HHCB concentrations in the sediments were far lower than the no-observed-effect-concentration for sediment-dwelling organisms. The HHCB uptake was 0.90 ng·d^-1·kg^-1 body weight with the exposure through dietary ingestion of fish and water, which was significantly lower than that through percutaneous penetration by dermal contact. It shows that the Dianshan Lake had been polluted by the synthetic musks. However, the contamination levels were low. As a result, little ecological risk and health effects were expected.