哈尔滨市供暖期PM2.5组分特征及来源解析

在哈尔滨市2014年1—3月的供暖期间对城区、郊区及周边农村地区的室内外PM_2.5样品进行了同时采集，分析了样品中碳质组分、水溶性离子及无机元素后，通过颗粒物热力学模型计算了颗粒物原位酸度，并通过基于标记的正矩阵分解（PMF）模型对室内外颗粒物的来源进行了表征.计算结果表明，3个地点室外PM_2.5原位酸度均低于室内，且室内外颗粒物原位酸度均为市区最高.PMF结果表明，哈尔滨市区、郊区及农村地区二次源对室外PM_2.5的贡献均排第3位.交通源对市区及郊区的贡献在16%~20%，对于农村地区则是最弱的影响因素.生物质燃烧是农村地区室内外PM_2.5的首要来源；燃煤和工业排放则是市区室内外PM_2.5的主要来源；工业排放是郊区室外PM_2.5的首要来源，与郊区的石化及金属工业有密切联系.因此，为提升哈尔滨市供暖期的空气质量，在进行农村散煤与生物质燃烧治理，推进农村地区清洁能源利用的同时，应多措并举注重城市交通状况改善和促进燃煤锅炉与工业超低排放技术的升级改造，促进区域协同治理.

Chemical composition characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 during heating period in Harbin

During the heating period (2014.01-03) in Harbin, indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 samples were collected simultaneously in urban, suburban, and rural. After analyzing the carbonaceous components, water-soluble ions, and inorganic elements of the samples, PM_2.5 in-situ acidity was calculated using a particulate thermodynamic model. Sources of indoor-outdoor PM_2.5 were characterized by marker-based Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. The acidity results show that the in-situ acidity of PM_2.5 for indoor is greater than outdoor at all sites. Horizontally, the in-situ acidity of PM_2.5 in the outdoor followed a descending sequence of urban, rural, and suburban and in the indoor followed a descending sequence of urban, suburban, and rural. PMF analysis shows that the third pollution source of outdoor PM_2.5 was secondary source at all three sites. Traffic had a greater impact on urban and suburban (16%~20%), but traffic was the weakest factor at rural (4%~5%). Biomass burning is the first source of indoor-outdoor PM_2.5 at rural; coal combustion, industry were dominant sources of both indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 at the urban site; and industry was the first source of outdoor PM_2.5 at suburban site, associated with emissions of nearby petrochemical and metals industry. Therefore, in order to improve the air quality of Harbin during the heating period, we should strengthen the biomass combustion and rural bulk coal management, pay attention to the improvement of urban traffic conditions, and promote the upgrading of coal-fired boilers and industrial ultra-low emission technology, which could achieve the aim of regional collaborative governance.