基于LCA的新能源轿车节能减排效果分析与评价

新能源汽车在行驶过程中具有节能、环保等优点,在我国目前汽车保有量激增、能耗总量和温室气体排放量不断增大,城市交通对城市空气污染贡献日益增加的情况下,应用和推广新能源汽车被视为替代传统汽车、减缓环境危害的重要工具,但其生产阶段的能耗及污染问题同样不容忽视.因此,本研究运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,选用美国阿贡国家实验室开发的GREET模型,对混合动力轿车、纯电动轿车、氢燃料电池轿车、E10乙醇汽油轿车4类新能源轿车在车辆制造、燃料及电力生产、行驶、拆解4个阶段的能耗及主要大气污染物排放进行了分析计算,并与传统汽油轿车进行比较.结果表明,同传统汽油轿车相比,4种新能源轿车的全生命周期能耗有不同程度的降低,其中,纯电动轿车在降低能耗方面最具优势.同时,4种新能源轿车全生命周期综合环境影响均低于传统汽油轿车,其中以氢燃料电池轿车的综合环境影响最小.

Analysis and assessment of the energy conservation and emission reduction effects of new energy cars based on LCA

With the mounting pressures from environment protection, energy saving and GHGs emission reduction, new energy vehicles with higher energy efficiency have drawn great attention. However, energy consumption and pollutants emission during the vehicle production should not be overlooked. By applying the GREET model developed by Argonne National Laboratory and the life cycle assessment method, this study compares the life cycle energy use, CO₂ emission and local air pollutant emissions of four types of new energy vehicles, i.e., bio-Ethanol (E10) car, hybrid car, electric car and hydrogen fuel cell car, with those of the conventional gasoline car. Energy consumption and pollutants emission in vehicle manufacturing, fuel and power production, vehicle operation and vehicle dismantling are taken into consideration. The analysis results indicate that, compared with conventional gasoline car, the whole life cycle energy consumptions of the new energy cars decrease to different extents. The environmental impacts of all four types of new energy cars are much lower than that of conventional gasoline car. The electric car has the best energy saving performance, and the hydrogen fuel cell car has the least environmental impacts.