煤制油工艺及煤制油残渣综合利用综述

为了缓解我国高度依赖石油进口带来的风险，发展将煤炭通过科学手段转化为石油的煤制油工艺，是缓解石油和天然气供需矛盾的现实手段。煤制油残渣是煤制油工业的主要污染产物，妥善解决煤制油残渣是实现煤制油工艺绿色发展的重要组成部分。综述了目前国内最普遍的4种煤制油技术并分析其各自优缺点。并对不同煤制油工艺产生的残渣进行分类，对其组成结构和物化性质进行总结，并在此基础上选择煤直接液化残渣，阐述了其利用技术研究进展，主要包括燃烧、热解、制备沥青产物和其他利用途径4个部分。提出煤制油技术的未来发展趋势是研究煤炭的结构转换过程、更加廉价高效的催化剂及其催化原理、催化剂分离的高通量反应器以及产品分离技术。煤制油残渣的高值化利用方式中，沥青类产物和高性能碳材料具有可观的经济前景和研究价值。

AN OVERVIEW OF COAL-TO-LIQUID TECHNOLOGY AND COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION OF COAL-TO-LIQUID RESIDUE

In order to alleviate the risk caused by China's high dependence on oil import, the development of a coal-to-liquid process that converts coal into oil through scientific means is a practical mean. This article reviewed the four most common coal-to-liquid technologies in China, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the four coal-to-liquid technologies, and provided a basis for the research of coal-to-liquid technology. The coal-to-liquid residue was the main pollution product of the coal-to-liquid industry. This article also classified the residues produced by different coal-to-liquid processes, summarized their composition and physical and chemical properties, and selected the direct coal liquefaction residue system to explain the current utilization technology of coal direct liquefaction residues. The research progress mainly included four parts:combustion, pyrolysis, preparation of asphalt products and the other. It was suggested that the development trend of coal-to-liquid technology was to study the structure conversion process of coal, cheaper and more efficient catalysts and their catalytic principles, high-throughput reactors for catalyst separation, and product separation technology. Among the high-value utilization methods of coal-to-liquid residue, asphalt products and high-performance carbon materials had good economic prospects and research value.