贵州黄洲河流域水质时空分布特征及污染源解析

黄洲河是施秉喀斯特世界自然遗产地内重要河流之一。为了解黄洲河水质特征，基于8个样点、7个监测指标、12个月监测数据，采用单因子水质标识指数法、均值型综合污染指数法，结合聚类分析、主成分分析方法对河流水质特征进行分析评价。结果表明:黄洲河TN超标较严重，TP潜在超标性强。遗产地核心区地表水未达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅰ类水质标准，缓冲区未达到Ⅲ类水质标准；丰水期水质最差，枯水期水质最优。丰水期主控因素为TP、NTU和NH₃-N；平水期主控因素为COD_Mn、Chl-a和DO；枯水期主控因素为NH₃-N。流域内主要污染形式为农业面源污染；上游和中游缓冲区居民生活用水和农村散养畜禽排泄物排放污染造成了黄洲河泉眼（Y1）、支流交汇点（Y2）点重污染的现状，而且污染会随河流运移，进入自然遗产地核心区。

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND POLLUTION SOURCE EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY IN THE HUANGZHOUHE RIVER BASIN,GUIZHOU

The Huangzhouhe River is one of the important rivers in the Shibing Karst Word Natural Heritage Site. In order to know the water quality characteristics of the Huangzhouhe River, single factor water quality identification index, mean-type comprehensive pollution index, cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze and evaluate the river water quality characteristics, based on 8 sample points, 7 monitoring indicators and 12-month monitoring data. The results showed that TN to excessive emission standard was severe in the river, and TP excessive potential was strong. Water quality in heritage site's core area didn't meet the class I standard, and that in the buffer zone was inferior to class Ⅲ water quality standard. The water quality was worse in high water period and better in low water period. TP, NTU and NH₃-N were the main controlling factors in the wet season. COD_Mn, Chl-a and DO were the main control factors in the leveling period. The main controlling factor in the dry season was NH₃-N. The main form of pollution in the basin was agricultural non-point source pollution. The current situation of heavy pollution of the monitoring point, Y1 and Y2 were caused by the domestic water of residents in the upstream and midstream buffer zones and pollution discharge of livestock and poultry excrement in rural areas. Moreover, the pollution will migrate with the river and enter the core area of the natural heritage site.