表面活性剂-无机电解质-石油烃的匹配性与石油污染土壤清洗性能

选择SDBS、SHO、AEO、NP-10共4种表面活性剂，以重质油含量高的老化型石油污染土壤为对象，考察表面活性剂与石油不同族组分的匹配性。基于表面活性剂的分子排列调控机理，将表面活性剂与无机电解质组配，开展油污土壤清洗效果分析和适宜性评价。结果表明:在温度为65 ℃、固液比为1:5、清洗时间1 h时，4种表面活性剂的清洗能力依次为SDBS>SHO>>AEO≈NP-10；选取Na₂CO₃、Na₂SiO₃、NaOH等无机电解质与表面活性剂复配清洗油污土壤，除SDBS以外，SHO、AEO、NP-10的洗脱能力均显著提高，Na₂CO₃、Na₂SiO₃对AEO和NP-10的增效作用更为突出。由于结构差异明显，4种表面活性剂对石油不同组分显示出不同匹配性，再与合适的电解质复配后，脱附性能得到强化。其中，AEO与Na₂SiO₃复配后对饱和烃的洗脱效果最好，洗脱率达到92.97%；AEO与Na₂CO₃复配后对芳香烃的洗脱效果最好，洗脱率达到93.58%。NP-10与Na₂SiO₃复配后，胶质沥青质洗脱率达到83.47%。因此，在油污土壤清洗中，依据石油族组分比例，可通过配制匹配性复合清洗剂来提高洗脱效率。以饱和烃为主的石蜡基油污土壤进行清洗，双组分的AEO+Na₂SiO₃复合药剂对石油类的洗脱率达到89.14%，具有应用前景。

PETRILEUM CONTAMINATED SOIL CLEANING: SURFACTANT-INORGANIC ELECTROLYTE-PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON MATCHING

Four surfactants, SDBS, SHO, AEO and NP-10, were selected in this study to carry out the cleaning test for the aged petroleum contaminated soil. The study was focused on the compatibility between surfactants and petroleum components. Based on the mechanism of molecular alignment regulation of surfactants, it was designed to compound the surfactants and inorganic salts and explore the cleaning effect and suitability evaluation. The results showed that the elution effect was the best when the temperature was 65℃, the soil-water ratio was 1:5, the time was 60 min, and then the cleaning capacity of the four surfactants was in the sequence of SDBS>SHO>>AEO≈NP-10. Moreover, the inorganic electrolytes, including Na₂CO₃, Na₂SiO₃ and NaOH, were selected for the compound tests. It achieved significant enhanced elution capacities of SHO, AEO, NP-10 when mixed with inorganic electrolytes except SDBS. Among them, AEO and NP-10 were the most prominent by compounding Na₂CO₃ or Na₂SiO₃. Because of the obvious difference in structure, the four surfactants showed different matching capacity for different petroleum components, and the desorption performance was strengthened after compounding with appropriate electrolyte. AEO combined with Na₂SiO₃ had the best elution effect on saturated hydrocarbons, with an elution rate of 92.97%. AEO combined with Na₂CO₃ had the best elution effect on aromatic hydrocarbons, with an elution rate of 93.58%. Moreover, the elution rate of the resin and asphaltene reached 83.47% when compounding NP-10 and Na₂SiO₃. Therefore, according to the proportion of petroleum group components, matching compound agents could be prepared to improve the elution efficiency. For example, in this study, for the aged petroleum contaminated soil mainly containing saturated hydrocarbons, the elution rate of the total petroleum by AEO+Na₂SiO₃ reached 89.14%, showing good prospect of practicality.