中国大气NH3和NOx排放的时空分布特征

根据我国不同氨源的数量、燃料消费量和相应的氨与氮氧化物排放因子,计算了我国大陆地区1995~2004年历年的氨(NH3)排放量与1985~2005年历年的氮氧化物(NOx)排放量,在此基础上模拟了2006~2010年的NOx排放量,并分析了NH3和NOx排放强度的空间分布.结果表明:2004年,我国NH3排放量为12.0Tg,比1995年的10.6Tg增加了大约13.2%;2004年的NOx排放量为20.6Tg,比1995年的12.2Tg增加了大约68.9%,比1985年的6.2Tg增加了大约2.3倍.在1996年以前,我国NH3和NOx的排放量基本相当,但是此后NH3的年排放量在经历了1997~1999年的下降之后,变化比较平稳,而NOx的排放量自2000年之后呈逐年迅速增加的趋势.2004年全国NH3的排放总量中,畜禽排泄、氮肥施用、人类粪便、氮肥与合成氨生产的贡献率分别为69.2%、15.2%、13.9%和1.9%;2004年全国NOx的排放总量中,由于受到我国能源消费结构的制约,煤炭来源的NOx占到了排放总量的77.4%.NH3和NOx的排放强度都具有明显的空间差异,表现在中东部地区的排放强度明显高于西部地区,这与中东部地区人口多、能源消费量大以及畜禽养殖数量大有关.

Emission and distribution of NH3 and NOx in China.

Annual emission of ammonia and NOx in the inland of China were calculated based on the numbers of livestock,poultry,human beings,the quantity of fertilizer application and production and fuel consumption.The temporal and spatial distribution of emission intensity of NH3 and NOx were also analyzed.NH3 emission in China changed slowly from 10.6Tg in 1995 to 12.0Tg in 2004,while NOx emission increased quickly from 12.2Tg in 1995 to 20.6Tg in 2004,with a mean increase rate of 68.9%.In 2004,emission from livestock,nitrogen fertilizer application,human beings and fertilizer production accounted for 69.2%,15.2%,13.9% and 1.9% of the total NH3 emission,respectively.Emission from coal combustion accounted for about 77.4% of the total NOx emission.The emission from coal combustion accounted for about 77.4% of the total NOx emission.The emission intensity of NH3 and NOx in the middle-east zones were much bigger than that in the west zones of China,due to large numbers of livestock,population and quantity of fuel consumption.