中国兜兰属宽瓣亚属植物生存现状及保护成效

为明确兜兰属(Paphiopedilum)宽瓣亚属(Subgenus.Brachypetalum)植物各物种在我国的生存现状与濒危状况,在大量的野外调查和文献、标本数据收集的基础上,对其种群分布、数量、生境特征、市场贸易、受威胁因素、保护现状与保护成效进行统计分析,并依据《IUCN红色名录等级和标准(3.1版)》对该类群的濒危等级进行重新评估.结果表明,野外调查到硬叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum.micranthum)、麻栗坡兜兰(P.malipoense)、杏黄兜兰(P.armeniacum)、白花兜兰(P.emersonii)、巨瓣兜兰(P.bellatulum)、文山兜兰(P.wenshanense)、同色兜兰(P.concolor)7个目标物种,已知分布于我国50个县(市、区),共计194个自然分布点.宽瓣亚属植物在我国水平方向上主要分布于滇东南、黔西南、黔东北、滇西北、桂北与黔南交界处以及桂西北至桂西南等地区;垂直方向上集中分布于中高海拔段(780~1267m),平均海拔997m;在全国大尺度上,该亚属整体呈零散分布,区域小尺度上个体呈聚集生长;其小生境具有高海拔、透水、透气、喜阴、喜钙的特点.市场调查的贸易率为36.67%,贸易价格高低不等,具有较强的随机性;贸易来源主要为野外采挖,占贸易数量的88.32%,具有较强的地域性;贸易方式为现场和线上网络交易,具有较强的灵活性.该类群主要受到采挖和生境退化的威胁,分别占所有分布点的44.85%、29.83%.宽瓣亚属整体就地保率仅为34.53%,保护成效为一般保护;调查的29个保育地中,有20个保育地对该类群累计保育98次,除文山兜兰和绿叶兜兰外,其他7种迁地保护成效被评估为合适.巨瓣兜兰、文山兜兰由原来的濒危(EN)评估为极危(CR);麻栗坡兜兰、白花兜兰、杏黄兜兰评估等级未发生变化,仍为极危(CR);硬叶兜兰和同色兜兰由原来的易危(VU)评估为濒危(EN);德氏兜兰、绿叶兜兰被评为数据缺乏(DD).

Survival status and protection effectiveness of Paphiopedilum Subgenus. Brachypetalum in China

In order to clarify the survival and endangered status of Paphiopedilum subgenus Brachypetalum in China, the population distribution, quantity, habitat characteristics, market trade, threatened factors, protection status and effectiveness of this group were statistically analyzed, based on a large number of field investigations, references and specimens data. And the endangered grade of this group was reassessed according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (version 3.1). The results showed that P. micranthum, P. malipoense, P. armeniacum, P. emersonii, P. bellatulum, P. wenshanense and P. concolor had been found in the field investigation. And the seven Subgenera were known to be distributed in 50 counties in China, with a total of 194 natural distribution points. In the horizontal direction of China, Subgenus Brachypetalum were mainly distributed in Southeast and Northwest of Yunnan, Southwest and Northeast of Guizhou, Northwest and Southwest of Guangxi and the junction of Northern Guangxi and Southern Guizhou. In the vertical direction, the Subgenus mainly distributed in the middle-high elevation area (780~1267m), with an average altitude of 997m. On a national scale, the Subgenus were scattered distribution, and the individuals grew in aggregation on the small scale. Their microhabitats were characterized by high altitude, permeable, breathable, shady and high calcium. The market trade rate of Subgenus Brachypetalum was 36.67%, and the trade price had strong randomness; the trade source mainly depended on the extraction of wild resources which accounting for 88.32% of the trade volume, with strong regional characteristics; the trade mode was on-site and online with strong flexibility. This group was mainly threatened by excavation and habitats degradation, accounting for 44.85% and 29.83% of all distribution points respectively. The in-situ protection rate of Subgenus Brachypetalum was only 34.53%, which was general protection effectiveness; The group had been protected 98 times in 20 conservation sites, among the 29conservation sites which were investigated. Except for P. wenshanense and P. hangianum, the ex-situ protection effects of the other 7 species were evaluated as appropriate. P. bellatulum and P. wenshanense were assessed as critically endangered (CR) from the original endangered (EN); no change was happened in the assessment of P. malipoense, P. emersonii and P. armeniacum, they were still belong to critically endangered (CR); P. micranthum and P. concolor were assessed as endangered (EN) from the original vulnerable (VU); P. delenatii and P. hangianum were rated as data deficiency (DD).