东北三省畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征

以东北三省土壤、水体的环境保护为出发点,基于研究区192个县畜禽养殖量数据,采用畜禽单元和养分排泄系数法,通过AD(畜禽养殖密度),粪便TN、TP耕地负荷来评估三期(2000年、2005年和2010年)不同尺度(省、县和流域)下畜禽养殖的潜在环境风险,并对其环境风险进行综合评价. 结果表明:①三期东北三省畜禽养殖的环境风险在2005年最为显著,基中AD达到Ⅲ级(AD>2.00 AU/hm2)的县市高达54个,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷达到Ⅳ级水平的县市共有50个,2010年有所缓解,而2000年最低；②三省中辽宁省畜禽养殖的环境风险最高(三期该省AD均大于2.00 AU/hm2,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷均分别在115和15 kg/hm2以上),吉林省次之,黑龙江省较低；③分县畜禽养殖密度及粪便TN、TP耕地负荷较高的区域主要集中在松花江水系南部以及辽河流域的大部分地区,具体行政区域为吉林省中南部和辽宁省大部,而黑龙江省有继续发展的空间. 

Temporal-Spatial Analysis of Environmental Risks from Animal Production in Northeast China

Based on animal data from 192 counties in Northeast China, three quantitative indicators (animal density, nitrogen and phosphorus loads of manure) were used to evaluate the environmental risks from manure production in three time periods (2000,5 and 2010) across different scales (administrative area and watershed) in Northeast China. In addition, a comprehensive environmental risk assessment was performend by superimposing the three indicators. The results showed:1) The environmental risks from animal production were the most distinct in 2005 (there were 54 counties with AD level Ⅲ, and there were 50 counties in which nitrogen and phosphorus load reached level Ⅳ). The environmental risks were lower in 2010, and lowest in 2000. 2) The environmental risks of animal manure were highest in Liaoning Province (its AD was more than 2.00 AU/hm2 in the three time periods, with nitrogen and phosphorus loads of manure more than 115 and 15 kg/hm2 respectively), followed by Jilin Province. Environmental risk was lowest in Heilongjiang Province. 3) The animal density and nutrient load of manure were higher in the south of the Songhua River and most regions of the Liao River Basin, which belonged to the south-central part of Jilin and most regions of the Liaoning administrative area. Further development of animal production was feasible in Heilongjiang Province. The investigations supported local governments in Northeast China to adjust the livestock and poultry breeding structure and development plan.