水环境质量基准、标准与流域水污染物总量控制策略

辨析了水环境质量基准与标准的概念差异,指出了它们对水污染物总量控制的作用.全面总结了美国水环境质量基准与标准的制定过程与方法,并对比分析了国内外水质标准体系在组成、保护功能、制定方法上的不同,以及水质标准在水污染物总量控制的应用情况.分析表明:水质标准是在水质基准基础上依据水体功能来确定的,水质基准是制定标准的基本依据.当前水质基准主要包括毒理学基准和生态学基准2类,基准值主要采用生态毒理学、调查统计分析方法确定,水生态分区是制定生态学基准的区域单元.从水质标准与总量控制的关系上看,基于水质标准的总量控制是当前水污染控制的发展趋势,并且水质标准体系的内容和组成正在不断发展和完善,保障水生态系统和人体健康安全将是水质标准要保护的核心功能.最后,提出了我国水环境质量基准和标准的发展对策及方向. 

The Quality Criteria, Standards of Water Environment and the Water Pollutant Control Strategy on Watershed

Starting from discriminating concepts, the difference between water quality criteria and standards are distinguished, and their relationship in total amount control of water pollutants is analyzed. The author summarized the process and methodology of water quality criteria and standards in US, made a comparison between domestic and abroad water quality standard systems in term of composition, water protection function, setting method and so on, and reviewed the application of water quality standard in water pollutant control. The research shows that water quality standards are determined according to the water function based on water quality criteria. Water quality criteria are composed of toxicology criteria and ecological criteria, which values are determined by the method of ecotoxicology and statistic analysis of ecological survey. Water ecological region is developed as the spatial unit of setting ecological criteria. The total amount control of water pollutants based on water quality standard is the current developing trend of water pollutant prevention and control, and protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health is the core function of water quality standards system along with improvement of water quality criteria and standards. Finally, the author proposed countermeasures for developing water quality criteria and standards in china.