典型畜禽粪污中雌激素排放特征

为探究畜禽粪污中雌激素的排放水平和分布特征，采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）分析方法，对上海市典型畜禽养殖类型（猪、奶牛、鸡）排放粪污样品中雌激素含量进行测定.结果表明:猪场粪便、沼渣肥、还田土壤、尿液和沼液样品中5种雌激素（E1，雌酮；E2，雌二醇；E3，雌三醇；EE2，炔雌醇；DES，己烯雌酚）总量分别为94.5 ng/g、35.1 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和8 882.2 ng/L、4 388.6 ng/L，其中E1是排泄物中最主要的雌激素；奶牛场粪便、堆肥、还田土壤、尿液、污水进水及出水样品中雌激素总量分别为84.6 ng/g、16.2 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和2 636.7 ng/L、2 605.6 ng/L、615.7 ng/L，其中E1和E2含量最高；鸡场粪便和堆肥样品中雌激素总量分别为60.9和17.5 ng/g.研究显示，猪场、奶牛场和鸡场排泄物中均含有一定数量的天然和人工合成雌激素，雌激素含量水平总体表现为粪便高于有机肥、尿液高于污水；通过畜禽粪污向环境中排放的雌激素总量表现为猪场>奶牛场>鸡场；厌氧发酵对猪场污水中雌激素具有一定的去除效果，而污水厌氧-好氧净化处理和固体粪高温好氧堆肥对奶牛场排泄物中雌激素具有较高的去除效果. 

Characteristics of Estrogen in Typical Livestock and Poultry Waste

To investigate the levels and distribution characteristics of estrogens in livestock and poultry waste in Shanghai, the contents of five estrogens, including E1, E2, E3, EE2, and DES, in animal waste samples collected from typical swine farms, chicken farms and dairy farms were measured by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that the total amount of estrogens in the manure, biogas residue, soil, urine and biogas slurry samples of two swine farms was 94.5 ng/g, 35.1 ng/g, 0.1 ng/g, 8882.2 ng/L and 4388.6 ng/L, respectively, and E1 was the primary constituent in the excrement. The total amount of estrogens in manure, composting, soil, urine, sewage influent and sewage effluent samples of three dairy farms was 84.6 ng/g, 16.2 ng/g, 0.1 ng/g, 2636.7 ng/L, 2605.6 ng/L and 615.7 ng/L, respectively, and the concentrations of E1 and E2 were the highest. In the typical chicken farm, the total amount of estrogens in manure and composting samples was 60.9 and 17.5 ng/g, respectively. The animal waste from all farms contained both natural and synthetic estrogens, and generally the estrogen concentration was higher in the manure samples than fertilizer samples, and in the urine samples than sewage samples. The total amount of estrogens released into the environment was in the following order:swine farms, dairy farms and chicken farms. In conclusion, anaerobic fermentation had a certain effect on removing estrogens from swine sewage, while composting and sewage treatment facilities were more effective in removing estrogens from dairy waste.