环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨

暴露参数是人体暴露和健康风险评价中的关键性参数,根据我国居民人群的基本体征参数和相关调查统计数据,在借鉴和参考了美国环境保护署(US EPA)建立暴露参数的方法学基础上,探讨了我国居民呼吸、饮食、皮肤等的暴露参数. 结果表明:我国居民呼吸速率为5.71～19.02 m3/d,18岁以下人群各种活动强度下男性和女性的呼吸速率几乎一样,而18～60岁的男性呼吸速率明显大于女性;我国成年人饮食量为1 176.3 g/d,主要食用米、面及其制品,分别占总饮食量的23%和13%;我国成年男性的皮肤表面积为1.697 m2,成年女性为1.531 m2;我国成年男性平均体质量为62.70 kg,成年女性平均体质量为54.40 kg;我国居民的各种暴露参数与美国相差2.5%～33.3%,若在同等条件下参考国外暴露参数开展暴露和健康风险评价可能带来较大的偏差,开展全国范围内系统的暴露参数调查研究工作迫在眉睫.

Human Exposure Factors of Chinese People in Environmental Health Risk Assessment

Human exposure factor plays a critical role in health risk assessment. This paper investigates human exposure factors of Chinese people based on the reference of the framework of the US EPA exposure factors handbook and the statistical analysis of current nation-wide surveys and relevant literatures. Thefactors are categorized into three types: ingestion, dermal exposure and inhalation. Results show that inhalation rates vary with different ages, and range from 5.71 to 19.02 m³/d. For people below 18 years old, inhalation rates indifferent activity modes show no statistically significant differences between males and females. However, for people from 18 to 60 years old, inhalation rates for males are higher than for females. Daily dietary intake of adults is 1176.3 g, among which ingestion of rice and flour products is 23% and 13% of the total daily dietary intake, respectively. Body surface area of adults is 1.697 m2 for males and 1.531 m² for females. Body weight of adults is 62.70 kg for males and 54.40 kg for females. Results show 2.5%-33.3% differences of exposure factors between this study and those reported in the US EPA exposure factor handbook. The use of exposure factors inform the US EPA or other countries in exposure or health risk assessment may cause bias. There is urgent need to carry out nation-wide research and survey on exposure factors for Chinese people.