污染土壤生物联合修复机制研究进展

土壤污染的生物修复方法因具有独特的生态价值被广泛认可. 单一种类生物修复易受复杂环境影响，而利用多种生物进行联合修复则可借助种间关系提高修复效果. 本文通过整理近年来土壤中微生物、植物、动物单独修复和物种间联合修复污染的研究成果，梳理了生物联合修复过程中微生物、植物、动物三类生物的功能，明确了微生物在发挥自身污染修复能力的同时也可以减轻其他物种受到的环境胁迫；植物通过根系构建修复功能区域并与附近其他物种及环境进行物质与能量交换；动物通过自身移动和摄食行为优化土壤和微生物结构的作用机制. 其中，“微生物-植物”联合修复可强化微生物与植物的共生关系、增强微生物去除污染物的能力；“植物-动物”联合修复可通过动物或其排泄物的作用改善土壤环境、促进植物生长，同时通过植物根系改善动物的生存环境；“微生物-动物”联合修复可在动物搬运摄食、消化排泄等过程中强化微生物的生长代谢能力. 目前，“微生物-植物”联合修复是最主要的土壤生物联合修复方法，其修复机制较为明确，今后应进一步加强“微生物-植物-动物”联合修复机制研究，为三者联合修复土壤污染奠定基础. 

Overview of Combined Bioremediation Mechanism of Contaminated Soil

Bioremediation of soil pollution is widely accepted due to its unique ecological value. The effectiveness of single bioremediation is restricted by complex environmental conditions, but the interspecific relationship of biology can be used to improve the effect of combined bioremediation. In this paper, recent studies on soil remediation by microorganisms, plants, animals and their combination are summarized. The functions of microorganisms, plants and animals in the process of combined bioremediation were clarified. It indicates that microorganisms can exert their own remediation ability and mitigate the environmental stress of other species at the same time; plants can construct remediation zone through roots and exchange mass and energy with other species and environment nearby; animals can optimize soil and microbial structure through their own movement and feeding habits. The combined bioremediation of ‘microorganism-plant’ can strengthen the symbiotic relationship between microorganisms and plants, thereby enhancing the ability of microorganisms for pollutant removal. The combined bioremediation of ‘plant-animal’ can promote plant growth by improving the soil environment through the action of animals or their excrement, and the living environment of animals can also be improved through plant roots. The combined bioremediation of ‘microorganism-animal’ can strengthen microorganism metabolism in the process of animal transportation, feeding, digestion and excretion. At present, the combined remediation of ‘microorganism-plant’ is the current hotspot in this field and it has clear remediation mechanisms. In the future, it is necessary to study the mechanism of ‘microorganism-plant-animal’ to lay the foundation for their combination on soil pollution remediation.