荷兰人体健康土壤环境基准与标准研究及其对我国的启示

土壤环境基准与标准是开展土壤环境保护与管理的基础. 荷兰是世界上较早开展污染土壤风险管控与土壤环境基准研究的发达国家之一，本文以荷兰为例，综述其土壤环境基准与标准研究，以期为我国土壤环境基准制定提供参考. 通过分析荷兰建立的有关土壤环境保护与管理的政策与法规，系统梳理已经制定的基于保护人体健康的土壤环境基准与标准，从人体毒理学基准、用地类型、暴露途径以及暴露参数四方面阐述荷兰土壤环境基准的制定方法，最后提出对我国土壤环境基准研究的建议. 荷兰较早制定了有关土壤修复的法案，形成了以土壤修复和可持续管理为主的法律体系，建立了以干预值和最大值为主的标准体系，并确定了土壤环境基准推导的理论方法. 我国应完善土壤污染防治的法规标准体系，开展符合区域具体情况、多种用地方式下的精细化土壤环境基准研究，加强本土化暴露评估模型研究，建立土壤环境基准数据库与优控污染物名录. 

Research on Soil Environmental Criteria and Standards for Human Health in the Netherlands and Its Enlightenment to China

Soil environmental criteria and standards are the bases for soil environmental protection and management. However, the research on soil environmental criteria in China is relatively insufficient. The Netherlands is one of the first developed countries in the world to carry out research on the risk control of contaminated soil and soil environmental criteria. The Netherlands was taken as an example and its soil environmental criterion system was studied in this work. It was hoped that this article could provide a reference for the formulation of soil environmental criteria in China. By analyzing the soil environmental protection and management policies and regulations in the Netherlands, systematically reviewing the soil environmental criteria and standards based on the protection of human health, and elaborating the formulation methods of soil environmental criteria from four aspects: human toxicology criteria, land use types, exposure pathways and exposure parameters, several suggestions for the study of soil environmental criteria in China were put forward. Compared with China, the Netherlands enacted the bill on soil remediation earlier, formed a comprehensive legal and standard system focusing on soil remediation and sustainable management, and established a theoretical method for deriving soil environmental criteria. In China, it′s necessary to improve the legal and standard system for soil pollution and control. In addition, it is of great significance to carry out refined study of soil environmental criteria in accordance with the specific conditions of the region under various land use modes. Furthermore, research on localized exposure assessment models should be strengthened. Finally, a soil environmental criterion database and a list of optimally controlled pollutants need to be established.