国家级经济技术开发区发展绩效及时空演变分析

国家级经济技术开发区(简称“经开区”)是我国改革开放的排头兵，历经近40年发展，已成为我国经济发展和落实区域高质量发展战略的重要支撑. 本文构建了涵盖经开区整体和个体的绩效评价体系，以资源产出率、污染物排放强度和生态效率指标表征发展绩效，定量分析了经开区发展绩效时序变化和生态效率的空间分异. 结果表明:①2007—2017年，经开区新鲜水耗、4种常规污染物(COD、NH₃-N、SO₂、NO_x)排放均与经济发展呈相对脱钩. 2017年经开区能源和水资源产出率分别是全国工业能源和水资源产出率的1.2和3.5倍，COD、SO₂、NO_x排放强度是全国工业排放强度的72%、53%、52%. ②经开区绝对经济规模两极分化程度不断缓解，对地区经济影响力整体上升. 空间分布上，经开区绝对经济规模大的城市从东部沿海进一步拓展到长江流域的中西部地区. ③运用数据包络法分析190家经开区的生态效率并识别出典型的投入冗余和产出不足，为经开区精准施策奠定基础. 全国仅10%的经开区生态效率为1，污染物排放、温室气体排放、工业能耗冗余是影响生态效率的主要原因. 东部地区经开区生态效率平均值为0.35，大于中部地区(0.28)和西部地区(0.26). 研究显示，不同地区经开区GDP差异较大，未来要加强不同地区经开区协作提高内生动力；为进一步提高经开区生态效率，需结合研究识别出影响生态效率的关键因素，开展针对性提质增效工作. 在经开区实施能耗、水耗以及碳排放总量和强度的“双控”行动；同时，在稳定末端治理成效基础上着力强化全过程和系统优化，深化源头降碳减污. 

Research on Comprehensive Performance of National Economic and Technological Development Zones and Its Spatial-Temporal Evolution Feature

The National Economic and Technological Development Zones (NETDZs) have been an integral part of China's economic development since the Reform and Opening Policy in 1978. For nearly four decades, NETDZs have played a crucial role in promoting the growth of the economy and the implementation of regional development strategies in China. A performance evaluation system covering both overall and individual aspects of NETDZs is constructed. This study conducts a quantitative analysis of the heterogeneity of ecological efficiency and temporal changes in development performance expressed by productivity of resources and pollution emission intensity. The results showed that: (1) Water consumption and pollutant emissions were decoupled from economic growth from 2007 and 2017. The average productivity of energy and water resources is 1.2 times and 3.5 times that of the national average level of the manufacturing industry, respectively. Meanwhile, the emission intensity of COD, SO₂ and NO_x accounted for 72%, 53% and 52% of the national average level, respectively. NETDZs have devised an environmentally sustainable and resource and energy-conserving development paradigm. (2) The polarization of economic scale in different NETDZs has continued to diminish and the overall influence of NETDZs in the regional economy has increased. The pattern of NETDZs with large economic scale has expanded along the Yangtze River from the eastern coast to the central and western regions. (3) The eco-efficiencies, input redundancies and output deficiencies of 190 NETDZs were analyzed based on data envelopment analysis, providing a basis for NETDZs to take targeted measures. Nationally, only 10% NETDZs were ecologically efficient. The emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases and excessive industrial energy consumption were the main factors affecting ecological efficiency. The average ecological efficiency of NETDZs in the eastern region is 0.35, which is greater than the efficiency in the central (0.28) and western (0.26) regions. This paper explores the differences in NETDZs, it is necessary to strengthen the collaboration among different regional NETDZs to improve their inner economic and productive capacity. In order to improve ecological efficiency, it is essential to improve quality and efficiency by regulating the total amount and intensity of energy and water consumptions and greenhouse gas emissions in NETDZs based on their diversities. It is also recommended to strengthen the optimization of the whole process based on the effective end-of pipe pollution control.