日本琵琶湖流域生态系统的修复与重建

琵琶湖流域生态系统的修复与重建着眼于全流域及中长期目标的实现. 在《琵琶湖综合保全整备规划》基础上,滋贺县政府提出了流域生物生息空间网络化构筑的长期构想,在全流域划定了16个重要生物生息空间及10条重要河流作为生态回廊；从上游的森林建设、内湖重建、河流治理到湖滨带芦苇群落的保护等开展了一系列的流域修复工作,如针对湖滨带修复,制定了芦苇群落保护条例与规划,划定了琵琶湖湖岸及周边内湖的芦苇群落保护与恢复区域,面积达138 hm2,其中芦苇带栽植面积达15 hm2,收割等维护管理每年达30 hm2等. 琵琶湖修复与重建工程的开展使生物多样性逐渐提高,生态系统功能得到恢复. 与之相比,我国湖泊流域生态修复存在的问题主要体现在生态修复缺乏流域整体的长远规划以及在湿地修复、低污染尾水的生物处理、湖滨带修复等领域存在一定的理念差异. 

Ecosystem Restoration and Regeneration of Lake Biwa Basin, Japan

As the third oldest lake in the world, Japan's Lake Biwa used to have a lot of valuable endemic species as well as abundant biodiversity. However, the biodiversity of Lake Biwa decreased sharply due to the intensification of lake eutrophication in recent years. Consequently, the Shiga Prefecture government spent nearly half of the investment budget to restore and regenerate the ecosystem in the Lake Biwa Basin. Ecosystem restoration work in Lake Biwa Watershed mainly focused on the whole lake basin and the realization of mid-and-long term targets. According to the comprehensive preservation plan for Lake Biwa (i.e., “Mother Lake 21 Plan”), the government put forward to build a long-term vision of biotope networks in the Lake Biwa Basin, and designated 16 important biological species and 10 important rivers for ecological corridors in the whole basin, which were closely related to the local culture. The government also developed ordinances and plans to protect the community of Phragmites australis. They designated 138 hm2 for Phragmites community recovery, of which 15 hm2 was for planting and 30 hm2 was for maintenance management along the lakeshore. The lake ecosystem and biodiversity have been gradually restored with a series of ecological restoration measures. In comparison, the primary problem of ecological restoration in the lake basin of China is lack of long-term planning of watershed integrality. Additionally, there is a certain difference in concepts about wetland restoration, biological treatment of low polluted tail water and restoration of lakeside zone.