含氯消毒副产物的种类、危害与地表水污染现状

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19，简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情期间，含氯消毒剂被大量使用，含氯消毒剂会与水中本底存在的有机物反应生成含氯消毒副产物（CDBPs），CDBPs包括卤甲烷、卤乙酸、无机卤氧酸盐、卤代乙腈、卤化氰、卤化硝基甲烷、卤代乙醛和其他CDBPs.梳理了各类CDBPs的危害，结果表明:大部分CDBPs具有致癌、致畸和致突变的“三致”毒性，在自然水体中威胁水生生物安全和人群健康；虽然现阶段大量研究集中于饮用水中的消毒副产物，但也有少量研究证实地表水中已有消毒副产物的检出.新冠肺炎疫情期间含氯消毒剂使用量较大，建议对余氯呈阳性的地表水继续开展主要CDBPs的筛查，有针对性地开展监测，推动含氯消毒剂的合理使用；同时，应加强监管，在地表水质量标准修订时完善消毒副产物指标，在相关行业废水控制标准中增加消毒副产物指标，避免对地表水生态系统造成次生环境影响. 

Types, Hazards and Pollution Status of Chlorinated Disinfection By-Products in Surface Water

During the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), chlorinated disinfectants were widely used. The chlorinated disinfectants will react with the organic matter in surface water, and the reaction products are chlorinated disinfection by-products (CDBPs). Common CDBPs include halomethanes, haloacetic acids, inorganic haloxate, haloacetonitriles, cyanogen halides, halonitromethane, haloacetaldehyde and other CDBPs. In view of the continued discovery and study of CDBPs, the types and hazards of CDBPs reported in the literature were reviewed. The results indicate that most of the CDBPs have 'three effects' of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic toxicity, threatening aquatic biosecurity and human health. Although the current research mainly focuses on CDBPs in drinking water, a few studies have confirmed that CDBPs are also detected in surface water. Because large amount of chlorine disinfectants are used during the COVID-19 outbreak, it is recommended to screen the main CDBPs in the surface water containing residual chlorine, conduct targeted monitoring, promot the rational use of disinfectants and strengthen supervision. CDBPs should be added to surface water quality standards and industry wastewater discharge standards. Finally, the secondary environmental impacts on the surface water ecosystems can be avoided.