海上突发环境事件生态系统服务损失评估进展

评估海上突发环境事件对生态系统服务造成的损失，对落实生态损害赔偿制度、保证生态系统服务与功能正常发挥具有重要意义.基于生态系统服务的定义，明确了生态系统服务损失的内涵，是除直接经济损失外，生态系统产生的供给、调节、文化和支持等公益服务的损失.阐述了国内外关于海洋生态系统服务损失评估的研究现状及实践，重点介绍了美国自然资源损害评估（NRDA）体系中生境等价分析法和资源等价分析法的基本假设与主要步骤，通过等价分析法确定生态恢复工程的规模，并结合生态系统服务价值评估的研究成果确定损失.我国学者借鉴NRDA体系等开展了大量研究，提出环境损害鉴定评估、溢油生态损害评估等方法，并在"塔斯曼海"号溢油、蓬莱19-3油田溢油等典型案例中进行应用及优化，比较了不同评估方法差异及影响因素.评估损失必须首先确定事件对海洋生态的影响范围与影响程度、受体类型及敏感度等关键因子，可采用现场监测、遥感及扩散模型等方法确定影响范围与程度，在实践中一般需要综合应用、互相补充.从管理和技术层面，分析了我国海上突发环境事件生态系统服务损失评估研究现状与应急管理需求的差距，在此基础上建议:①建立健全法律体系，细化生态损害评估的责任、内容和要求，明确将生态系统服务损失纳入生态损害赔偿；②构建技术评估体系，根据化学品性质、生态系统类别及特征等，分类出台一系列技术标准；③建议在遥感遥测技术、化学品泄漏数值模型等方面进一步开展研究，提高准确度和时效性. 

Progress in Assessing Ecosystem Services Loss in Marine Environmental Emergencies

Assessing the ecosystem services loss caused by marine environmental emergencies is of great significance for implementing the regulation of ecological damage compensation and ensuring ecosystem services and functions are properly implemented. Based on the definition of ecosystem services, the connotation of ecosystem services loss is defined as the loss of services such as provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting service generated by ecosystems. This paper describes the research status and practice in China and abroad, focuses on the assumptions and major steps of the habitat equivalency analysis method and resource equivalency analysis method in the NRDA system of the US, by equivalent analysis method, the scale of ecological restoration project is determined, by the research results of ecosystem service value, the loss is determined. Refer to the NRDA system, Chinese researchers carry out a large number of studies, establish evaluation systems, such as environmental damage assessment method, ecological damage assessment method on marine oil spill, apply and optimize the methods in typical cases, such as the 'Tasman Sea' oil spill and the Penglai 19-3 oil spill, the differences and influencing factors of different evaluation methods were compared. It's of great importance to determine the key factors such as the scope and extend of the pollution, type and sensitivity of the ecosystems affected. On-site monitoring, remote sensing and numerical models can used to determine the scope and extend of the pollution. Given the gap between the research status and emergency manage requirements, it is suggested that:(1) Refine and clarify the regulatory system, specify the responsibility, content and requirements of ecological damage assessing, clearly incorporate the ecosystem services loss into ecological damage compensation. (2) Establish a technical evaluation system as soon as possible, issue a series of technical standards according to the nature of different chemicals, ecosystem types and characteristics. (3) Carry on further research on remote sensing and numerical models to improve accuracy and timeliness.