国外污染物释放和转移登记(PRTR)制度比较研究及启示

污染物释放和转移登记（Pollutant Release and Transfer Register，PRTR）制度是国际上重要的化学品环境管理制度，对推动化学品环境安全管理、企业环境信息公开和污染减排具有重要作用.我国虽开展过相关试点工作，但尚未真正建立起PRTR制度.借鉴国际经验，建立我国PRTR制度，对补齐有毒有害化学品环境管理短板以及构建多方共治的现代化环境管理体系十分必要.该研究选取国际上7个规模较大且相对完善的PRTR制度作为研究对象，并选择两种特定的化学物质——汞和含汞化合物以及苯，对研究对象的核心技术要素进行横向对比，结果表明:研究对象的共同点为按照一套工业分类系统界定出需要管理的行业范围，设置分类管控的化学品清单，以及对不同化学品设定具体的报告阈值；不同点为覆盖化学品种类和分类方式不同以及报告阈值表征方式不同，且同一特定化学品的阈值设定不同，甚至差别较大.基于对比研究结果，总结国际经验，提出了建立实施我国PRTR制度的相关建议:①制定完善的PRTR核心技术体系，包括按照《国民经济行业分类》界定覆盖行业范围，参考加拿大和墨西哥PRTR制度设置分类管控的化学品清单，结合使用释放量阈值、生产加工和以其他方式使用量（MPO）阈值、企业规模阈值等表征方式分类设置化学品报告阈值；②从法律政策、社会认知和试点实践等方面逐步推动建立PRTR制度；③加强与美国、加拿大、欧盟和经合组织（OECD）等国家和组织的沟通合作，强化我国PRTR制度设计的国际规范性. 

A Comparative Study on Foreign Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) Systems

Pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) system is a worldwide important chemical environmental management system, which plays a significant role in promoting environmental safety management of chemicals, corporate environmental information disclosure, and pollution reduction. Although China has carried out related pilot projects, the authentic PRTR system has not been established. Drawing on international experience to establish China's PRTR system is crucial for making up the shortcomings of the environmental management of toxic and hazardous chemicals and building a modern environmental management system with multi-party governance. In this study, seven large-scale and relatively complete PRTR systems in the world are selected as the research objects, and two specific chemicals, mercury, mercury-containing compounds and benzene, are selected, and their core technical elements are horizontally compared. The results showed that the research objects had the following common points: according to a set of industrial classification system, defined the scope of the industry sectors covered, compiled a list of classified chemicals, and set specific reporting thresholds for different chemicals; and the differences lie in: the chemicals covered and the classification methods, characterization methods of reporting thresholds, and different reporting thresholds for the same specific chemical. Based on the results and summarized international experience, the article puts forward several suggestions for establishing a PRTR system in China: (1) Develop a complete PRTR core technology system, including defining the scope of covered industry sectors in accordance with the Industrial Classification for National Economic Activities, refer to the Canadian and Mexican PRTR systems to establish a list of classified chemicals and set chemical report thresholds in combination of emission thresholds, the manufacturing or processing and otherwise use (MPO) thresholds, and enterprise scale thresholds. (2) Gradually promote the establishment of the PRTR system from the aspects of legal policies, social awareness and pilot practices. (3) Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation with U.S., Canada, EU, UNCEC, OECD, etc., to optimize the top-level design of China's PRTR system and strengthen its international normative.