海河70年治理历程梳理分析

海河是中国华北地区最大的水系，承载着京津冀城市群经济社会的发展.为总结海河水生态环境的变化趋势，梳理海河水污染防治与保护的经验，采用文献调研等方法系统整理分析了新中国成立以来海河流域旱涝灾害、水污染事件以及治理和管理措施，将海河治理分为4个阶段:第一阶段（1949—1971年）旱涝灾害频繁发生，遵循“上蓄、中疏、下排、适当滞”思路，进行抗旱防洪等水利工程建设；第二阶段（1972—1995年）流域经济快速发展，水质急剧恶化，以提升防洪标准和强力治理污染源为思路，进行旱涝灾害和水体污染的共同治理；第三阶段（1996—2005年）水体污染趋势得到遏制，以“关、停、并、转”为主要手段进行污染物的源头削减；第四阶段（2006年至今）海河被列入水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项（简称“水专项”）重点示范流域，在“控源减排、减负修复、综合调控”思路指导下，以水专项科技成果为支持，推动流域水体污染的系统治理.与20世纪90年代相比，2019年海河水质明显改善，GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例从1998年的25.3%升至2019年的51.9%，劣Ⅴ类水质断面比例从59.6%降至7.5%.但是海河水污染形势仍然严峻，依然存在水资源短缺、水污染压力大、水生态受损等问题，海河治理应遵循流域水质目标管理的思路，统筹好水资源、水环境、水生态，保障海河生态基流，改善水环境质量，恢复和维护健康河流生态系统功能. 

70 Years' Governance Process of Haihe River

The Haihe River is the largest water system in North China, which supports the economic and social development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban cluster. In order to summarize the changing trends of the Haihe River's water ecological environment and the key points of governance and protection and to summarize the Haihe River's water pollution prevention and protection experience, literature research and other methods are used to sort out and analyze drought, flood, water pollution incidents and governance and management measures in the Haihe River Basin since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The governance process of the Haihe River is divided into four stages. In the first stage (from 1949 to 1971), there were frequent droughts and floods, and drought and flood control and other water conservancy projects were carried out following the 'upper storage, middle dredging, lower row, proper stagnation' strategy. In the second stage (from 1972 to 1995), the economy developed rapidly and the water quality deteriorated seriously. The joint management of drought and flood disasters and water pollution was carried out to improve flood control standards and strong control of pollution sources. In the third stage (from 1996 to 2005), the trend of water pollution was curbed, and the source of pollutants was reduced by 'closing, stopping, merging, and transferring' methods. In the fourth stage (from 2006 to date), the Haihe River was included in the key demonstration basins of the Major Program of Science and Technology for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (Major Water Program). Under the guidance of the ideas of 'source control and emission reduction, reduction and remediation, and comprehensive regulation', the Major Water Program innovation results supported the systematic treatment of water pollution in the basin. Compared with the 1990s, the water quality of the Haihe River has improved significantly. The proportion of class Ⅰ-Ⅲ water quality sections in Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002) increased from 25.3% in 1998 to 51.9% in 2019, while the proportion of inferior class Ⅴ water quality sections decreased from 59.6% to 7.5%. However, the water pollution is still serious, and there are many problems such as shortage of water resources, heavy water pollution, and serious damage to the water ecology. The Haihe River governance should coordinate water resources, water environment and water ecology through water quality target management in the basin, ensure the ecological basic flow of the Haihe River, improve the water environment quality, and restore and maintain the functions of the river ecosystem.