我国常规焦炉危险废物产生和利用处置现状及对策

我国是世界上最大的焦炭生产国和供应商，以常规焦炉炼焦工艺为主，常规焦炉会排放气体、液体和固体污染物.常规焦炉危险废物的产生现状是种类多、产生工艺节点多样、产生量大、污染物种类繁杂、对生态环境和人体的潜在危害大.对高附加值的高温煤焦油采取深加工的方式生产多种化工原料，脱硫废液的利用方式是提取单品精盐和制酸，其他低附加值的常规焦炉危险废物回配煤单元炼焦.当前，我国常规焦炉危险废物利用处置存在3个问题:①部分高温煤焦油深加工技术不属于清洁生产技术；②脱硫废液提取的盐缺乏污染控制标准或技术规范，脱硫废液制酸设备稳定运行难度较大；③危险废物回配煤单元可能引起炼焦产品质量下降和环境风险增大.针对我国常规焦炉危险废物产生和利用处置存在的问题，建议从3个方面提高炼焦危险废物利用率和加强安全处置:①遵循《国家危险废物名录》中"危险废物豁免管理清单"利用环节豁免条件，采取先进的清洁生产技术，促进高温煤焦油利用；②制定以脱硫废液为原料提取盐的污染控制标准或技术规范，将小规模企业产生的脱硫废液"点对点"集中输送至专门利用脱硫废液制酸的企业生产硫酸，开发易于推广、平稳高效连续运行和自动化控制的提盐和制酸技术，提高脱硫废液利用水平；③常规焦炉危险废物返回配煤工序炼焦时应精准管控，确保炼焦产品质量，防范环境风险. 

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Generation,Utilization and Disposal of Hazardous Wastes from Conventional Coke Ovens in China

China is the largest coke producer and supplier in the world. Conventional coke ovens were the main coking process, and emit gas, liquid and solid pollutants. The current situation of hazardous wastes from conventional coke ovens was that there were many kinds of hazardous wastes, various production process nodes, large amount of hazardous wastes, complex types of pollutants, and great potential harm to the ecological environment and humans. A variety of chemical raw materials were produced by deep processing of high value-added high-temperature coal tar. The utilization of desulfurization waste liquid was to extract single refined salts and make acid, and other low value-added conventional coke oven hazardous wastes were recycled to coal blending unit for coking. At present, there are three problems in the utilization and disposal of hazardous waste from conventional coke ovens in China: (1) Some high temperature coal tar deep processing technologies were not clean production technologies. (2) The salts extracted from the desulfurization waste liquid lack pollution control standards or technical specifications. The stable operation of the acid making equipment from desulfurization waste liquid was difficult. (3) Recycling hazardous wastes to the coal blending units may reduce the quality of coking products and increase environmental risks. In view of the problems existing in utilization and disposal of the coking hazardous wastes, it is suggested to improve the utilization rate of coking hazardous wastes and strengthen the safe disposal from three aspects: (1) According to the exemption conditions of the utilization link in the list of exemption management of hazardous wastes, advanced clean production technologies should be adopted to promote the utilization of high-temperature coal tar. (2) The pollution control standards or technical specifications for extracting salts from desulfurized waste liquor should be formulated. The desulfurized waste liquor produced by small-scale enterprises should be transported to the enterprises specialized in making acid from desulfurized waste liquor to produce sulfuric acid. The salts extraction and acid making technologies with easy popularization, stable and efficient continuous operation and automatic control should be developed to improve the utilization level of desulfurized waste liquor. (3) When the hazardous wastes from conventional coke oven are returned to the coal blending process for coking, it should be accurately controlled to ensure the quality of coking products and prevent environmental risks.