国内外生态产品价值实现的实践模式与路径

生态产品价值实现理念是我国生态文明建设思想的重大变革，是贯穿习近平生态文明思想的核心主线，是实现“绿水青山就是金山银山”理论的物质载体和实践抓手.从生态产品使用价值的交换主体、交换载体、交换机制等角度分类总结国内外生态产品价值实现实践案例，归纳形成8大类、22小类生态产品价值实现的模式.各种生态产品价值实现的实践模式相互之间既存在关联性和相似性，又各具特点，对应不同的生态产品类型.公共性生态产品对应政府主导路径，如生态保护补偿、区域协同发展、资源产权流转、生态载体溢价、生态资本收益等；经营性生态产品对应市场机制，如生态产业开发；而准公共生态产品则对应政府市场混合路径，如生态权益交易、资源配额交易等.生态产品价值实现是一项涉及诸多领域的复杂工程，我国应将其上升为国家战略，鼓励地方通过积极探索生态产品价值实现的创新实践，汇聚形成生态产品价值实现的“中国经验”，再由“中国经验”打造形成生态产品价值实现的“中国模式”. 

Practice Model and Path of Ecosystem Product Value Realization

The concept of ecosystem product value realization is a great reform in China's ecological civilization construction. It is the core thread of Xi Jinping's thoughts on ecological civilization. These are the material carriers and practical means of realizing the theory that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets. This study classifies and summarizes the practical cases of ecosystem product value realization at national and international levels from the perspectives of the exchange subject, exchange carrier, and exchange mechanism of the use value of ecosystem products, and summarizes 8 categories and 22 subcategories of ecosystem product value realization modes. The value realization modes of various ecosystem products are related and similar to each other and correspond to different types of ecosystem products based on their own characteristics. Public ecosystem products correspond to government-led value realization paths, such as ecological protection compensation, regional coordinated development, resource property right transfer, ecological carrier premium, and ecological capital gains. Operating ecosystem products correspond to market mechanisms, which mainly include ecological industry development. Furthermore, another type of quasi-public ecological product corresponds to the mixed paths of government and market, such as ecological equity transactions and resource quota transactions. The ecosystem product value realization is a complex project involving several fields. China should elevate it to a national strategy and encourage local governments to actively explore innovative practices, and converge them to develop the 'Chinese experience' and create a 'Chinese model' for ecosystem product value realization.