城市污水中新兴微量有机污染物控制目标与再生处理技术

城市污水再生利用是缓解城市缺水问题和改善城市水环境质量的重要方法，其前提是水质安全保障.城市污水中近年来不断检出新兴微量有机污染物（trace organic contaminants，TOrCs），如抗生素、全氟化合物、雌激素等，是再生水水质安全的重要威胁.针对城市污水再生深度处理需明确新兴TOrCs控制目标和处理技术的需求，系统比较了欧盟、美国、澳大利亚等再生水利用先行国家和地区在TOrCs控制目标、指南、规范、技术与工艺管理等方面的研究和实践进展.结果表明，由于TOrCs浓度低且种类多，TOrCs被分为高风险TOrCs和指示性TOrCs.美国加州地区和澳大利亚根据风险水平和检出水平分别提出了高风险TOrCs和指示性TOrCs种类清单和浓度限值，然而该清单中的TOrCs种类和浓度限值尚未列入强制标准或规范.针对再生水TOrCs风险控制需求，瑞士、美国加州等提出了多级屏障再生水处理工艺.瑞士提出，城市污水深度处理对卡马西平等药品类TOrCs去除率应大于80%，美国加州规定补充饮用水源的再生水深度处理应去除69%以上的1，4-二恶烷.此外，TOrCs控制高度依赖重源头控污（工业废水阻断）、单元协同、在线监控反馈与实时优化等全流程安全保障措施.随着我国再生水用量持续增加，用途不断拓展，亟需制定针对性强、现实可行的TOrCs控制指南和规范，包括明确高风险和指示性TOrCs，推动多级屏障再生水深度处理工艺，以TOrCs去除率为深度处理目标. 

Objective and Treatment Technology of Control of Emerging Trace Organic Contaminants in Municipal Wastewater Reclamation

Wastewater reclamation is an important solution to alleviate water shortage problem and improve the quality of water environment. The premise is to ensure the quality of reclaimed water. In recent years, emerging trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), such as antibiotics, perfluorinated compounds, and estrogens, have been widely detected in wastewater, which poses an important threat to the quality of reclaimed water. In order to clarify the control objectives and technologies for emerging TOrCs, this study comprehensively compared the guidelines, standards, and managements for TOrCs control in the regions and countries that have rich experience of wastewater reclamation, such as the European Union, the United States, Australia. In view of the low concentration and wide variety of TOrCs, TOrCs control was conducted by classifying them into high-risk TOrCs and TOrCs indicators in many countries. The State of California in the US and Australia proposed a lists of TOrCs and the concentration limits of high-risk TOrCs and TOrCs indicators. However, the TOrCs and concentration limits have not been included in mandatory standards or regulations. In response to the needs of TOrCs risk control in reclaimed water, Switzerland and California have proposed multi-barrier approaches for wastewater reclamation. Switzerland proposes that the removal of pharmaceutical TOrCs (e.g. carbamazepine) should be higher than 80%, while California requires that the removal of 1, 4-dioxane should be higher than 69% for the reclaimed water used to augment drinking water source. In addition, TOrCs control is highly dependent on full-process safety measures such as source control of pollution (industrial wastewater blocking), unit coordination, online monitoring and feedback, and optimization. As the amount of reclaimed water in China continues to increase, there is an urgent need to formulate the objectives and technologies for wastewater reclamation, including developing the lists of high-risk and indicative TOrCs, promoting the multi-barrier approaches and technologies for wastewater reclamation, and setting the removal efficiency of TOrCs as the treatment objective.