我国典型含PFOS/PFOSF废物处置技术可行性分析与建议

为促进我国全氟辛基磺酸及其盐类和全氟辛基磺酰氟(PFOS/PFOSF)的削减和逐步淘汰，防控环境风险，迫切需要对淘汰、废弃的含PFOS/PFOSF产品、副产物以及生产和使用过程中产生的含PFOS/PFOSF废物进行安全无害化处理处置. 调研和数据分析结果表明，2021年我国已停产PFOSF，2002—2020年我国PFOS/PFOSF的生产总量约为2 120 t. 我国典型含PFOS/PFOSF液态废物包括废弃消防泡沫、消防泡沫使用后收集的残液、废弃电镀镀液、工艺或清洗废水、废有机溶剂，以及固态/半固态废物有蒸(精)馏釜残、废水处理污泥、污染土壤、电镀滤渣、废吸附剂和过滤材料等. 目前针对液态废物，可行的PFOS/PFOSF非破坏处理技术主要有活性炭和树脂吸附、膜滤、混凝，可行的PFOS/PFOSF破坏处理技术有焚烧/水泥窑、超声降解和亚/超临界水处理技术，但在应用时都有一定的前置条件；针对固态/半固态废物，可行的PFOS/PFOSF非破坏处理技术包括稳定化和废物填埋，而焚烧/水泥窑是目前最为可行的PFOS/PFOSF破坏处理技术. 建议根据我国典型含PFOS/PFOSF废物的特点采取相应可行的处理处置技术，在应用成熟技术的同时，适当尝试采用亚/超临界水处理技术、超声降解技术以及其他较新的技术；对PFOS/PFOSF物质含量≥50 mg/kg的废物采用可行的破坏技术处置，对PFOS/PFOSF物质含量<50 mg/kg的废物经稳定化预处理后方可进入填埋场. 

Feasibility Analysis and Recommendations of Disposal Technology of PFOS/PFOSF-Containing Wastes in China

In order to promote the reduction and phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOS/PFOSF), and prevent and control environmental risks, it is urgent to carry out safe and harmless treatment of the products, by-products and wastes containing PFOS/PFOSF produced during production and use. The survey and data analysis show that China stopped production of PFOSF in 2021, and the total production of PFOS/PFOSF during 2002-2020 is about 2120 t. Typical liquid wastes containing PFOS/PFOSF include waste firefighting foam, residual liquid collected after use of firefighting foam, waste electroplating solution, process or cleaning wastewater, waste organic solvent, etc. Solid/semisolid wastes include distillation (rectification) still residue, wastewater treatment sludge, contaminated soil, electroplating filter residue, waste adsorbent and filter material, etc. At present, the feasible non-destructive treatment technologies for PFOS/PFOSF liquid wastes mainly include activated carbon and resin adsorption, membrane filtration and coagulation. The feasible PFOS/PFOSF destruction treatment technologies include incineration/cement kiln, ultrasonic degradation and sub/supercritical water treatment, but they all have certain preconditions in their application. For solid/semisolid wastes, feasible PFOS/PFOSF non-destructive treatment technologies include stabilization and landfill, and incineration/cement kiln is currently the most feasible PFOS/PFOSF destructed treatment technology. It is recommended to adopt appropriate treatment and disposal technologies according to the characteristics of typical PFOS/PFOSF wastes, while applying mature technologies, try to adopt sub/supercritical water treatment technology, ultrasonic degradation technology and other relatively new technologies. Wastes with PFOS/PFOSF content ≥50 mg/kg should be treated with PFOS/PFOSF destruction technologies, and wastes with PFOS/PFOSF content <50 mg/kg can be landfilled after stabilization pretreatment.