中国环境保护战略政策70年历史变迁与改革方向

系统地回顾了新中国成立70年以来环境保护战略政策的历史变迁，分析其演进脉络、阶段性变化特征和取得的成效，对于制定新时代国家生态环境保护战略政策、全面推进生态文明和"美丽中国"建设具有重大现实意义.以环境保护战略政策历史演进为主线，将新中国成立70年以来的环境保护战略政策历史变迁与发展划分为5个阶段:①非理性战略探索阶段（1949-1971年）；②建立环境保护三大政策和八项管理制度的环境保护基本国策（1972-1991年）；③强化重点流域、区域污染治理的可持续发展战略（1992-2000年）；④控制污染物排放总量、推进生态环境示范创建的环境友好型战略（2001-2012年）；⑤推进环境质量改善和"美丽中国"建设的生态文明战略（2013年至今）.分析表明，我国基本形成了符合国情且较为完善的环境战略政策体系，在生态文明和环境保护法制与体制改革、生态环境目标责任制、生态环境市场经济政策体系以及多元有效的生态环境治理格局下取得了重大成就，对环境保护事业发展发挥了不可替代的支撑作用，为深入推进生态文明建设和"美丽中国"伟大目标实现提供了重要保障.结合新时代生态文明建设和"美丽中国"建设的目标需求，提出了未来我国生态环境保护战略政策的基本走向、改革目标，指出了管理体制、生态法治、空间管控、市场机制、公众参与、责任考核等六大改革方向. 

Historical Evolution and Reform of China's Environmental Strategy and Policy during the Past Seventy Years (1949-2019)

This paper systematically reviews the historical change of China's environmental protection strategies, analyzes the evolution of environmental protection policies, which is of great significance for formulating the national ecological environmental strategy and comprehensively promoting ecological civilization and 'beautiful China' in the new era. The paper systematically analyzed the historical changes and development of environmental protection strategies and policies over the past 70 years in China from a historical perspective. Overall, the development of China's environmental protection strategies and policies has experienced five stages:namely the stage of one-sided misconception (1949-1971); environmental protection as the basic national strategy for establishing three major policies and eight management systems for environmental protection (1972-1991); sustainable development strategy for strengthening pollution control of the key watersheds and regions (1992-2000); environmentally friendly strategy for implementing pollution emission control and demonstrating eco-provinces and eco-cities (2001-2012); and ecological civilization strategy for promoting improvement of environmental quality and construction of beautiful China (2013-). The results showed that China has basically formed a relatively complete environmental strategy and policy system in line with its national conditions, has achieved remarkable achievements in the establishment of a sound environmental law system, environmental management system, environmental responsibility system, market based mechanism for eco-environmental protection, eco-environmental governance pattern, which plays an irreplaceable supporting role in the development of environmental protection and provides an important guarantee for further promoting the construction of ecological civilization and the realization of the great goal of 'beautiful China'. Based on the needs for the establishment of ecological civilization and 'beautiful China' in the new era, the paper puts forward the development suggestions of the basic reform objectives and six reform directions as institutional arrangement, rule of law, spatial governance, market mechanism, social participation and performance responsibility for building ecological civilization and 'beautiful China'.