干旱综合防御集成技术机制及在华北冬麦区的示范应用研究

论文将底墒效应利用技术、土壤深松技术、秸秆覆盖技术、有限水分胁迫效应利用技术、喷施多功能防旱剂五项单项抗旱技术在冬小麦播前及各个发育阶段适时、适地综合集成,并给出了应用量化指标。于1998～2000年在河南、河北、山东省进行示范推广应用。结果表明:冬小麦干旱综合防御集成技术是通过各单项抗旱技术触发和优化冬小麦找水、增水、保水、节水、控水的五种水分利用机制,发挥了植物生理生态、土壤理化性状、土壤水库、麦田小气候效应和化学制剂喷施等多种防旱抗旱的效能,时间贯穿于冬小麦整个生育期,可实现持续防旱抗旱。集成技术具有比各单项技术更显著的增产、节水效果。在两个典型大旱年的情况下,集成技术使水分利用效率提高10.6%～53.7%,平均提高27.7%;小麦增产7.0%～42.3%,平均增产16.6%;每公顷增加纯收入490～1200元。

Research on mechanism and application of integrated techniques for preventing winter wheat drought in North China

Several techniques for preventing agricultural drought such as scientific use of soil moisture before sowing,deep tillage,straw mulch,limited water stress,and multi-functional drought-resistant reagents are integratedly used at good time and in right place before seeding and at different development stages.The application indexes are quantified.The technique was carried out in Henan,Hebei and Shandong provinces in1998～2000.Results show that the inte-grated technique for preventing winter wheat drought touches off and optimizes the five water use mechanisms of seeking-water,increasing-water,keeping-water,saving-water and controlling-water by other unique techniques.It exerts the manifold drought-prevent ing and drought-resistant functions of physiology and ecology of plants,soil physical and chemical properties,soil reservoir,the mi croclimatic effect of wheat field and the spray of chemical preparation etc.The technique lasts throughout the development stage of winter wheat and can realize the sustainable drought-pre vent ion and drought-resistance.The integrated technique possesses the more distinct effect of increasing production and saving water than any other single technique.Under the conditions of two typical drought years,the integrated technique enabled the water use efficiency increase by10.6%～53.7%,averaging27.7%;and the wheat increase by7.0%～42.3%,averaging16.6%.Per hectare net income increased by490～1200yuan.