出口贸易和FDI加剧了资源型城市的环境污染吗?——基于中国285个地级城市面板数据的经验研究

论文沿用经典EKC分析框架,在现有资源型城市环境污染研究基础上加入了出口贸易开放度、利用外资水平、研发水平及污染治理水平等因素。分析基于2005—2012年中国285个地级城市（包括115个资源型城市和170个非资源型城市）的面板数据,考虑可能存在的内生性问题,使用固定效应模型和工具变量GMM估计的方法,实证考察了出口贸易和FDI是否加剧了资源型城市的环境污染。研究表明,出口贸易显著地加剧了中国资源型城市的环境污染,FDI则在一定程度上加剧了环境污染;中国主要地级城市的人均收入和环境污染呈“倒U型”的库兹涅茨关系;环境影响因素对各类资源型城市污染排放产生的作用具有异质性,原因在于不同类型城市存在不同的资源依赖程度和技术水平。最后,论文对中国现阶段部分有关资源开采与相关外商投资、资源型城市发展等政策与规划及其存在的问题进行整理,并根据经验研究结论得到相关政策启示。

Do Export and FDI Aggravate Environmental Pollution in Resources-based Cities?—An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data of 285 Prefecture Cities in China

In line with rapid economic growth in China, intensive attentions were paid to the correlations between sustainable development and environment. According to the data from World Mining Congress, the mineral production of China in 28 categories ranked first in the world in 2012, in which 12 kinds of minerals shared more than 50% in the world??s total production. As strategic bases for energy resource, resources-based cities play supportive roles in the China??s economic development. However, the environmental pollution problems resulting from resource exploitation and processing are very prominent at present. Following the classical EKC analytical framework and the existing researches on resources-based cities, this paper introduces the endogenous elements and additional variables of export, FDI, R&D and pollution abatement level, and further uses the Fixed Effect Model and IV-GMM method to make an empirical investigation into the influences of export and FDI on the environmental pollution in China??s resources-based cities by using the panel data of 285 prefecture cities (115 resources-based cities and 170 others) from 2005 to 2012. It demonstrates the heterogeneity of influences among different types of cities. The results show that export business significantly aggravates environmental pollution in China??s resources-based cities, and FDI aggravates environmental pollution to some extent; the income level and environmental pollution have inverted U-shaped relationship in major prefecture cities; and influences on the environmental pollution are heterogeneous in different types of resources-based cities because the degrees that they depend on the resources and their technologies are different. China has made relevant policies and plans about mineral resources exploitation and sustainable development in resources-based cities at present. However, the conclusions of this empirical research still reflect some deficiencies related to the implementation and effects of the policies, which meanwhile provide enlightenments for improving the policies and their implementation. The deficiencies involved include disorderly market competition, failures of foreign investment policy, and neglecting the development of basic energies. Accordingly, the enlightenments mainly consist of improving the order of competition through market mechanisms, encouraging technology import, restricting the FDI and export in resources, making targeted policies at different development stages, and achieving the sustainable development and utilization of basic energies.