哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构及驱动力分析

哈尼稻作梯田系统作为全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）,具有极高的生态、经济、文化价值。近年来,以粮食产量增长为导向的农耕技术和作物品种单一化趋势,给哈尼梯田地区带来了严重的生态和食品安全问题。论文以农户生产行为作为切入点,从主要粮食作物的经济效益、耕地资源特征、村落发展类型、农户的家庭特征与资源禀赋进行实证研究,分析了哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构现状及驱动因素。结果表明：1）调查涉及的41.23 hm²有效耕地中,按种植总面积排序,杂交稻、玉米、水果类作物位居前三。2）本地传统粮食作物--梯田红米,种植总面积和户均种植面积远小于经济效益较高的杂交稻和兼有饲料用途的玉米。同时,农户倾向于将其种植在质量较差、海拔较高的耕地上。3）作物的经济效益和耕地海拔及质量对替代性作物（如杂交稻和红米）的种植选择影响较大;个体农户层面上,农户特征与资源禀赋在不同程度上对不同作物的种植选择产生影响。

An Analysis on Crop Choice and Its Driving Factors in Hani Rice Terraces

Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) sites approved by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2010. The system of forest-village-paddy-river in Hani terrace, which has formed over 1 300 years in history, has multiple values, including ecological value, economic value and cultural value. However, in recent years, with the development of modern agriculture and tourism, the cultivation practices for high yield and uniform variety cropping bring in serious problems there, such as ecological problems and food security problems. From the viewpoint of farming behavior, we conducted our surveys to learn about the local crop economic input-output, cultivated land resource, rural household information and local natural resources. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was used to gain the information in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province. And Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) was used to test the theoretical result on the individual peasant household level. Then, this paper summarized the status quo of crop cultivation structures and analyzed their driving factors in Hani terraces fields. The results showed as follows: 1) In the 41.23 hm² available cultivated land referred in survey, the plants ordered by their total cultivated area are hybrid rice, maize and fruit, which rank top three in all corps. As the regional traditional crop, the cultivated area of the terrace red rice takes only 12.04% of total available cultivated land referred in survey. 2) The local rural farmer prefer hybrid rice to the terrace red rice due to its much higher economic benefits. Thus, there were more cultivate areas for hybrid rice compared to the terrace red rice. In addition, the terrace red rice is mainly cultivated in the land with poor situation, such as low quality and high altitude. Furthermore, maize is also widely cultivated there for both food and feed. 3）The economic benefit of crop, the quality and altitude of arable land have great influence on the choice of alternative crops, such as hybrid rice and red rice. As for individual peasant household, their characteristics and resource endowment have influence on choosing different corps. The family population and the altitude of cultivated land are positively correlated with the behavior of planting the terrace red rice at the 1% significance level, while the number of cooperatives is negatively correlated with the behavior of planting the terrace red rice at the 1% significance level. The conclusions of this paper is that the decrease of the traditional crop is becoming a trend in Hani terrace fields, especially for individual peasant household. If things continue in this way, it would threaten the stability and sustainability of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System.