禁牧草地补偿标准问题研究——基于最小数据方法在玛曲县的运用

以黄河重要水源涵养和补给区玛曲县为例,以草原生态保护补助奖励机制政策为分析背景。运用最小数据方法,以草地水源涵养表征生态系统服务,通过单位面积禁牧草地水源涵养量的机会成本的空间分布推导了禁牧草地水源涵养量供给曲线。结果表明：1）实施生态补偿可以激励牧户自愿禁牧,禁牧比例大小随补偿标准的变化而变化,禁牧草地所能提供的水源涵养量目标则随禁牧比例的变化而变化;2）玛曲县在现有禁牧面积17.67×10⁴ hm²上所能提供的水源涵养量目标为77 383.998 0×10⁴ m³,为了实现这个目标需要按1 751.7元/hm²的补偿标准对牧户进行补偿,总计30 950.503 8×10⁴元,此外还包括实施成本2 650.235 0×10⁴元、交易成本1 768.459 9×10⁴元;而现行的补偿标准300元/hm²,能够激励牧户自愿禁牧的比例仅有0.64%,理论上所能提供的水源涵养量目标也只有495.257 5×10⁴ m³。

Ecological Compensation Standard for Graze-Prohibited Grassland: Application of the Minimum Data Method in Maqu County

In order to explore how the effective of implementing ecological compensation in grassland can excite herdsmen to voluntarily change the grassland utilization patterns for a desired goal of ecosystem services, the subsidy policy for grassland ecological protection in Maqu County, an important water conservation and recharge area in Yellow River, is taken as a case study. Based on the minimum-data method, the ecosystem services are measured by water conservation of grassland. The supply curve of water conservation in graze-prohibited grassland in Maqu County is derived from the spatial distribution of the opportunity cost per unit area of graze-prohibited grassland. And the compensation standard is linked to the desired goal of water conservation in the graze-prohibited grassland. The results show that: 1) The implementation of ecological compensation can motivate herdsmen to stop grazing in grassland, but the proportion of prohibited area changes with the standard of ecological compensation, and the desired goal of water conservation provided by the graze-prohibited grassland changes with the proportion of prohibited area. 2) The desired goal of water conservation in Maqu County is 77 383.998 0×10⁴ m³ which is obtained from the existing 17.67×10⁴ hm² of graze-prohibited grassland. To achieve this goal the compensation standard for herdsmen is 1 751.76 yuan/hm² which leads to a total amount of 30 950.503 8×10⁴ yuan. In addition, the implementation cost of 2 650.235 0×10⁴ yuan and the transaction cost of 1 768.459 9×10⁴ yuan are needed. However the current ecological compensation standard is 300 yuan/hm², that only 0.64% of the grassland can be protected under this standard, and only 495.26×10⁴ m³ of the desired goal of water conservation can be achieved in theory.