2001—2013年我国稀土资源开发生态环境成本评估

科学评估稀土资源开发的生态环境成本是我国稀土资源可持续开发战略制定和稀土市场定价机制改革的客观要求。论文利用遥感影像解译数据、污染源普查数据、污染源动态更新数据、稀土统计数据等多种数据源,考虑“北轻南重”的稀土资源特性,构建了我国稀土资源采选和冶炼的生态破坏损失和环境污染损失核算框架,定量评估了2001—2013年我国北方包头白云鄂博氟碳铈-独居石混合型稀土矿、四川和山东微山氟碳铈矿、南方七省区离子吸附型稀土矿等三大稀土生产基地稀土资源开发的生态环境成本。结果表明：1）2001—2013年我国稀土资源开发的生态环境成本为761.7亿元,其中,采选导致的生态破坏损失为721.8亿元,冶炼导致的环境治理成本为39.9亿元;2）我国三大类稀土矿中,北方包头白云鄂博氟碳铈-独居石混合型稀土矿稀土开发的生态环境损失以环境污染损失为主,环境污染治理成本为25.5亿元,占包头矿生态环境总成本的74.3%,四川和山东微山氟碳铈矿和南方七省区离子吸附型稀土矿以生态破坏损失为主,分别为54.3亿元和658.6亿元,占各自生态环境总成本的89.5%和98.8%;3）南方七省区离子吸附型稀土矿采选单位稀土氧化物生态环境成本大,是四川和山东微山氟碳铈矿的9.6倍,包头白云鄂博氟碳铈-独居石混合型稀土矿的41.4倍;4）我国稀土开发生态环境成本占其价格的45％以上,在现有的市场价格下,扣除生态环境成本,我国稀土产业利润为负。

Evaluation of Ecological and Environmental Cost of Rare Earth Resource Exploitation in China from 2001 to 2013

Scientific evaluation of ecological and environmental cost of rare earth (RE) resources exploitation is very important for designing the strategy of the sustainable utilization of rare earth resources and reforming the pricing policy of the rare earth market in China. The paper aims to quantitatively assess the ecological and environmental cost of RE resources exploitation in three major production bases in China from 2001 to 2013. To achieve this goal, the paper constructed an accounting framework of ecological damage loss and environmental pollution loss during the process of RE resources mining and smelting with the consideration of the characteristic that “light rare earth in north and heavy rare earth in south” in China. The qualitative data used were remote sensing images, pollution sources census, dynamically update data of pollution sources census and environment statistics. The results showed as follows: 1) The total ecological and environmental cost for RE resources development was 76.17 billion yuan from 2001 to 2013, of which 72.18 billion yuan was the ecological damage loss caused by mining, 3.99 billion yuan was the environmental pollution cost caused by smelting. 2) In the three main production bases of RE resources, ecological and environmental cost of Baotou ore was mainly for environmental pollution caused by RE smelting, and the environmental pollution control cost is 2.55 billion yuan, accounting for 74.3% of the total cost in Baotou. The ecological and environmental cost of bastnaesite and ionic rare earth ore was mainly caused by ecological damage loss, which was 5.43 billion yuan and 65.86 billion yuan, respectively, accounting for 89.5% and 98.8% of their respective ecological and environmental cost. 3) As for per unit of rare earth oxides (REO), the ecological and environmental cost of ionic rare earth ore was high, which was 9.6 times of the cost of bastnaesite, and 41.4 times of the cost in Baotou. 4) Ecological and environmental cost of RE exploitation in China is more than 45% of its price. Considering the ecological and environmental cost and scarcity cost of RE resource under the current market prices, China’s rare earth industry profit is negative.