基于生态适宜度和三角模型的煤矿临时建设用地复垦决策研究

开展煤矿临时建设用地生态化复垦利用是响应生态文明建设战略、践行“生态型土地整治+”理念、优化布局国土三生空间的重要途径。论文以重庆市綦江区14个煤矿的临时性建设用地为研究对象,构建由自然因素、区位因素、人口因素等8个因素,坡度、距道路距离、土壤污染程度等20多个评价因子组成的适宜性评价指标体系,采用综合权重法（AHP层次分析法+熵权法）赋权,将生态位适宜度模型和三角模型引入煤矿临时建设用地生态化复垦利用决策分析中。结果表明： 1）各评价单元不同复垦利用方向的生态适宜度指数平均值均大于0.5,研究区整体条件较好,基本适宜于不同复垦方向利用,但部分地块生态位适宜度系数较低,需要采取工程或生物措施对生境条件加以改善和整治。2）单方向复垦利用分析中,农业用地复垦方向适宜度呈“倒金字塔形”分布,以Ⅰ级（最适宜）面积最大,占比44.94%;建设用地复垦方向和生态用地复垦方向适宜度呈“橄榄形”分布,以Ⅱ级（适宜）面积最大,分别占到76.54%和58.02%。综合复垦利用方向分析中,各复垦利用方向的评价单元个数和面积,均呈现出农业用地>生态用地>建设用地的状态,三者分别占总面积的46.29%、30.17%、23.54%。3）影响农业用地复垦利用方向的主要因素为土壤质地、公众复垦意愿和耕地比重,影响建设用地复垦利用方向的主要因素为地质灾害易发程度、公众意愿和非农产业发展潜力,影响生态用地复垦利用方向的主要因素则为林地比率、人均林地面积和土壤有机质含量。该研究可为煤矿临时建设用地复垦方向确定提供方法参考和决策依据。

Reclamation Decision for Temporary Construction Land of Coal Mines Based on Niche-fitness and Triangle Model

The ecological reclamation and utilization of temporary construction land of coal mines is an important way of responding to the strategy of ecological civilization construction, practicing the idea of “ecological land improvement +” and optimizing the layout of the land. Based on the temporary construction land of 14 coal mines in Qijiang District of Chongqing City, an index system of suitability evaluation consisting of eight factors such as nature, location and population were constructed, which includes more than 20 evaluation factors such as slope, distance from road and soil pollution degree. By adopting the comprehensive weight method (AHP + TOPSIS), the niche-fitness model and the triangle model are introduced into the decision analysis of ecological reclamation and utilization of temporary construction land of coal mine. The results show that: 1) The average value of ecological index of each evaluation unit is more than 0.5, and the overall condition of the study area is good and is basically suitable for different kinds of reclamation. However, the niche-fitness coefficient of some plots is low, which indicated engineering or biological measures are needed to improve and renovate the situation. 2) In the unidirectional reclamation and utilization analysis, the appropriateness of agricultural reclamation showed “inverted pyramid” distribution that grade Ⅰ (optimum) has the largest area, accounting for 44.94% of the land; the appropriateness of construction land and ecological land showed a shape of olive that the grade Ⅱ (suitability) has the largest area, accounting for 76.54% and 58.02%, respectively. In the analysis of comprehensive reclamation and utilization, agricultural land showed the most in number and area of evaluation units in each reclamation and utilization direction, followed by ecological land and construction land. The three kinds of land accounted for 46.29%, 30.17% and 23.54% of the total area respectively. 3) The main factors influencing the direction of land reclamation are soil texture, public reclamation intention and proportion of cultivated land, and the main factors influencing the reclamation and utilization of construction land are the degree of geological disaster susceptibility, public intention and the development potential of non-agricultural industry. The main factors of reclamation and utilization of ecological land are forest land ratio, forest area per capita and soil organic contents. The study can provide the method and reference for decision in reclamation of temporary construction land of coal mines.