“实心”与“空心”：旅游地乡村聚落土地利用空间“极化”研究——以河北野三坡旅游区两个村庄为例

从土地利用视角关注乡村发展转型是近年来国内外乡村发展研究的重要切入点之一。论文采用参与性农村评估（PRA）、GIS空间分析和Google Earth高清遥感影像相结合的方法,以野三坡旅游区内两个临近乡村聚落为例,研究了过去30 a旅游地乡村聚落空间演化过程。研究发现：以1986年旅游业导入为分界点,两个原本发展背景相同的传统乡村聚落,呈现相背离的“极化”发展态势。苟各庄村逐步演化成为新型旅游城镇,日趋繁荣和“实心化”;交界口村则相反,逐步走向衰败和“空心化”。研究认为,旅游地聚落“实心”与“空心”的“极化”过程,本质上是我国快速工业化和城市化在旅游地乡村发展转型过程中的具象空间投射。在苟各庄村主要表现为旅游业导入引起的“内生式”非农化进程,在交界口村则主要表现为外部城镇化和工业化加速引起的“外拉式”非农化进程。对于旅游地而言,这种产业的持续发展和极化影响的空间外溢,也为区域内发展相对滞后的“空心村”的再生提供了现实可能。

Solid and Hollowed Villages: Study on the Spatial Polarization of Tourist Villages’ Land Use Pattern—A Case Study of Two Villages in Yesanpo Tourism Area,Hebei Province

The land-use perspective has attracted wide attention in both domestic and abroad rural development study. Combining participatory rural appraisal methods (PRA), GIS spatial analysis and remote sensing technology, this paper focuses on tourist villages’ spatial evolution during the last 30 years from land-use perspective, taking two close villages in Yesanpo tourism area as examples. The research found that, since 1986, the commencement of tourism industry in Yesanpo area, these two villages with similar foundation had been heading in different directions, showing accelerated polarization trend. Gouge Village was gradually evolving into new-type tourist town, becoming more and more flourishing and solid; while Jiaojiekou Village, on the contrary, was becoming increasingly dilapidated and hollow. This differentiation was manifested in three aspects: 1) From the perspective of settlements’ spatial morphology, Jiaojiekou Village had experienced a spatial evolution process characterized by extensive sprawl on the periphery and decline in the interior space; while Gouge Village, in contrast, had conducted not only external expansion but also interior reconstruction, becoming gradually intensive. 2) From the perspective of settlements’ space function, Jiaojiekou Village had kept relative homogenous land use pattern, with increasingly simplified land function structure; while the land function of Gouge Village had become more and more heterogeneous, changing from residential land to varieties of lands satisfying tourists’ demands for accommodation, shopping, catering and entertainment, and showing spatial differentiation as well. 3) From the perspective of population distribution, in Jiaojiekou Village, the migration of villages from central to peripheral area and the outflow of population represented by going out to work had led to the “centre-periphery” style of population distribution and the decrease of population density; by contrast, Gouge Village had experienced population gathering from surrounding villages to the main village, and seasonal population influx dominated by tourists resulted in considerable different population structures and spatial distribution between tourism off and peak season. The research also indicates that, the polarization of tourist villages, in essence, is physical response to different non-agricultural path during rapid industrialization and urbanization procedure in China, tourism induced endogenous non-agricultural process in Gouge Village, and external driven non-agricultural process resulted from accelerating industrialization and urbanization in Jiaojiekou Village. We hold the view that this polarization process implies the gradually dilapidation of traditional villages and prosperity of new-type tourist towns in the future, and the spatial overflow of tourism effects is able to provide a possible scenario for traditional villages’ transformation in rural tourism destination. Furthermore, solving the problem of spatial polarization of rural settlements in tourism destination requires different land use policies during rural transformation, and integrated spatial plan on tourist destination scale.