中国生态用地及生态系统服务价值变化研究

生态用地具有重要的生态系统服务功能,在维护生态平衡、保障国土生态安全、应对全球气候变化中具有特殊地位。论文在总结国内研究学者有关生态用地研究成果的基础上,从生态系统服务功能入手,界定了生态用地的概念,根据生态干扰度构建了生态用地分类体系,并将生态用地分类与土地利用分类进行衔接,对全国生态用地的生态系统服务价值进行了评估,分析其特征及规律。研究表明：1）广义的生态用地是指能发挥供给、调节、支持生态系统服务功能,以及对维持区域生态平衡和调节全球气候具有重要作用的土地类型;2）依据“生态干扰度”构建了生态用地分类体系,将生态用地分为3个一级地类、5个二级地类和31个三级地类;3）2012年全国生态用地的生态系统服务价值为280 483.80亿元,呈现“西高、中次、东低”空间格局。2009—2012年全国生态用地的生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势,变化幅度空间分布差异较大,呈现“中增、东西减”的格局特点;2009—2012年全国生态用地各项生态系统服务功能受到损失,呈下降趋势,生态系统稳定性不容乐观。

Study on the Changes of Ecological Land and Ecosystem Service Value in China

Ecological land has an important ecosystem service function, which plays a special role in maintaining ecological balance, ensuring land ecological security and coping regulation climate change. Based on the researches on ecological land from scholars, the paper defined the concept of ecological land from the perspective of ecosystem service function. According to the degree of hemeroby, the classification system of the ecological land was constructed. Meanwhile, the gap between the ecological land classification and land use classification was connected. The ecosystem services value of the ecological lands all over China was evaluated and its variation characteristics were analyzed. The results shows that: 1) Ecological land in a broad sense refers to land types which can supply, regulate, support ecosystem services, and play an important role in maintaining regional ecological balance and regulating global climate. 2) Based on the degree of hemeroby, the ecological land was divided into three level-one categories (non-interference ecological land, semi-interference ecological land and full disturbance ecological land), five level-two categories and 31 level-three categories. 3) In 2012, the ecosystem services value of the ecological land in China was 28 048 380 million yuan, and the spatial pattern was “the highest in the west, lower in the middle, and the lowest in the east”. The national ecological services value from 2009 to 2012 showed a downward trend. There was great spatial variation of the change that increase appeared in the central region and decrease appeared in the east and the west. During 2009-2012, all kinds of ecosystem services functions of ecological land were damaged and were declined year by year, suggesting that the ecosystem stability is low.