科层制度视角下旅游地水资源治理的演变研究——以哈尼梯田为例

旅游业的可持续依赖于各项环境资源的投入及其科学有效的治理,而旅游地公共池塘资源治理问题仍有待深入。水资源作为一类典型的公共池塘资源,是目的地可持续发展的关键。以哈尼梯田核心区为案例,以水权科层概念模型为分析框架,通过半结构访谈、参与式观察等质性研究方法,探讨大众旅游发展前后目的地水权结构的演变历程。研究发现：（1）政体变动和大众旅游业的发展是促成目的地水权结构演变的主要动力,从赋权体系和分配方式两方面影响用户的水资源利用实践;（2）旅游情境下,目的地用户主体的异质性增强,水资源稀缺性提高,商品化趋势明显;（3）科层结构下,集体层级的决策实体作为连接国家层级决策实体和用户层级的中间层,只有充分发挥其监督管理的治理职能才能促进资源的公平利用与可持续发展。现阶段案例地水资源治理以市场力量为主导,而政府管理存在一定缺位,面临可持续发展的挑战。

Research on the evolution of water resources governance in tourism destination from the perspective of hierarchy: A case study of Hani Terraces

The sustainable development of tourism depends on the input of various environmental resources as well as the scientific and effective governance. However, the governance of common-pool resources in tourism destinations still needs to be deepened. As a kind of typical common-pool resources, water is the key to sustainable tourism. Taking the core area of Hani Terraces as a case of study, based on the conceptual framework of water-rights hierarchy and using qualitative research methods such as in-depth interview and participatory observation, this paper explored the evolution of water-rights hierarchy in Hani Terraces before and after the development of mass tourism. The results show that: (1) The change of political regime and the development of mass tourism are the main driving forces for the evolution of water-rights hierarchy in Hani Terraces, which affect the residents' water utilization practice from the aspects of empowerment system and distribution mode. (2) Under the context of tourism, the heterogeneity of the users in Hani Terraces was enhanced to a large extent and the scarcity of water resources was also improved, thus water resources are undergoing a process of commercialization. (3) Under the hierarchical structure, the decision-making entity at the collective level, as the middle layer connecting the decision-making entity at the national level and the user level, can promote the fair use and sustainable development of resources only by giving full play to its supervisory and management governance function. At this stage, the governance of water resources in Hani Terraces is dominated by the water trading market, and the lack of governance from local authorities has worsened the situation, and Hani Terraces is facing the challenge of sustainable development.