多层次生态修复实践模式及其理论探讨

生态修复是当前生态学和环境科学领域研究的热点问题，并且孕育着巨大的研究和应用前景，然而由于工程时空跨度大、修复对象复杂等特点，生态修复实践仍然存在着理论研究滞后、投入产出率相对低下、修复模式单一、项目达标情况难以监测等问题。在总结归纳实践经验的基础之上，根据生态修复的不同层次和阶段，将生态修复的实践模式由开始启动阶段到修复终点，自下而上串联成一个相互独立而又彼此联系的模式，即包含“点”、“线”、“面”和“多维立体”四种模式在内的多层次生态修复模式。该模式有以下两方面特点：①修复的对象在现有的物种、种群、生态系统结构和功能的基础之上，增加了人类这一生态系统的重要组分，同时把社会经济等因素放在与科学技术同等重要的位置进行考虑，将其作为指导理论之一融入到生态修复的具体实践步骤中；②与以往静态的单一修复目标不同，论文提出了一种层层递进、彼此联系而又环环相扣的动态、多层次修复模式，每一种模式都对应着生态修复的不同层次和阶段，层层递进共同构成生态修复的全部内容。此模式既充分考虑生态系统自身的复杂性，又符合生态系统动态发展趋势，可为当前生态修复实践中的难点、疑点提供更具现实意义的指导。

Application and Theory of Models of Multi-approach Ecological Restoration

Ecological restoration is one of the hotspots in the fields of both ecology and environmental science and has much bright future in both research and application. However, as the broad span of time and space and combined with the complexity of restoration objects, some problems occurred, such as the lag of theoretic research, low ratio of output to input, lack of variety in restoration models and hard to monitor the success of restoration projects. It is just these problems that severely prevent the restoration practices from reaching perfection. Considering previous experiences and according to different phases in the restoration practices, the whole restoration process comprises four stages which are named as: "point" model, "line" model, "plane" model, and "multi-dimensional space" model. The four models are interacted with each other and constitute together a holistic model for the practice of ecological restoration. More detailed characteristics of the new model could be described in two aspects: firstly, different from current restoration practices, human beings are incorporated into the objects of restoration, and socio-economic factors and theories are considered as one of the most instructive theories which are of equally importance as other traditional scientific theories; secondly, rather than isolated and static as the current restoration models do, the new model is closely connected and always developing in certain consequence that is from the "point" model to the "line" model, then to the "plane" model, and finally to the "multi-dimensional space" model. Although currently the restoration projects can nearly cover the scope of the four stages, the diverse stages have not been mentioned explicitly and no holistic developing model has been advanced. Some detailed restoration approaches have been classified to the four different models. Thus, the goals of restoration could be defined clearly and the degree of the success of restoration could be monitored much more easily.