青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

家庭能源消费特征因受地理环境及文化等影响而存在显著的人文空间差异,尤其是对于特色或边远少数民族地区,迫切需要加强相关调查实证研究。基于青海省100户土族家庭的实地调研,从收入水平分组视角考察其能源消费特征,分析家庭能源消费活动的环境效应,并构建物质流模型予以可视化分析。结果表明：土族家庭年人均能源消费量为3473 kgce,以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆等为主;随着收入水平提升,能源消费结构逐渐向多元化转变且对能源重要性的认知逐渐从生物质能源转向商品能源。家庭能源消费导致的年人均CO₂、N₂O、NO_X、SO₂和TSP的产生量分别为1856.87 kg、117.10 g、254.46 g、451.87 g和520.74 g。未来应增强清洁能源利用水平,统筹推进青藏高原地区生活能源消费的可持续转型。

Household energy consumption characteristics of the Tus ethnic group in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau

Energy plays an important role in social and economic development. Household energy consumption behavior has a wide range of connections with regional or global social ecosystems, and has significant spatial and social differences under the influence of culture and geography. China is a country with multi-ethnic groups. The ethnic areas in China have different characteristics in terms of production and lifestyle, climate conditions, cultural traditions, and other aspects and also show certain characteristics in the consumption of living energy. However, the research on the energy geography of ethnic minority groups' households is still on the initial stage and lacks a first-hand data survey. Based on the special geographical characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau, this study focused on the 100 Tu's households in Qinghai province and carried out field investigations. From the perspective of overall investigation and income-based groups, we compared the characteristics of their household energy consumption, calculated the environmental effects, constructed an energy flow model, and visualized the household energy consumption input-out flow. The survey results show that the per capita energy consumption of Tu households is 3473 kgce, and the energy resources are mainly coal, firewood, straw, and cow-dung. By comparison, we found that the energy consumption of low-income households is 3485 kgce, while that of high-income households is 3974 kgce. As income levels rise, the energy consumption structure gradually changes to diversification, and the importance of energy gradually turns from biomass energy to commodity energy. The survey shows that the convenience of household energy access is listed in a discending order of electricity, straw, animal dung, fuelwood, solar energy, coal, gasoline/diesel, and liquefied gas. The per capita greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions of households are 1872.21 kg, of which CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, NO_X, SO₂ and TSP are 1856.87 kg, 117.10 g, 295.14 g, 254.46 g, 451.87 g and 520.74 g, respectively. In the future, the Tibetan Plateau region should enhance the use of clean energy, and promote the sustainable transformation of regional household energy consumption. The research results are expected to provide scientific support for the clean energy transformation and sustainable development on the Tibetan Plateau.