北京市高校行业用水评价指标体系构建

用水评价是帮助用水户进行精细化管理、提高用水效率的重要工具。论文在对北京市35 所高校进行用水节水情况实地测试和问卷调查的基础上，结合现有节水法规，系统分析了用水评价的内容，明晰了用水效率、节水技术和节水管理三者之间的关系，并运用节水潜力法、层次分析法、概率测算法和专家咨询法等方法，构建了北京市高校行业用水评价指标体系。该体系由3 项一级指标、12 项二级指标和26 项三级指标构成。最后，对北京市5 所高校的用水评价结果能比较客观真实地反映各高校整体的用水水平，以及各部位的用水效率和各种节水措施的优劣，明确了其节水工作需进一步加强的方向。

Construction of Evaluation Index System for Water Conservation of Universities in Beijing

The aim of this article is to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system of water conservation of universities in Beijing, and provide a useful reference for water-saving practice. The data basis of the following research has three sources. The first is the typical test of water use which was conducted among five universities in Beijing. Followed by the questionnaire survey of water use which was conducted among 30 universities in Beijing. And finally are the relevant existing water-saving regulations and standards. This paper systematically analyzed the contents of water evaluation, specifically the relationship among water use efficiency, water saving technology and water saving management. According to the characteristics of different indicators, this paper adopts different approaches, such as watersaving potential analysis, hierarchy analysis, efficacy coefficient method, and expert counseling method, etc. The index system includes three first-level indicators, 12 second-level indicators and 26 third- level indicators. Water use efficiency can be truely and objectively reflect the actual water saving level of the water users, and it is a quantitative expression of final outcome of the water conservation work. Efficiency evaluation indicators are composed of the water use efficiency of school, teaching areas, living areas and green spaces. The total water use efficiency reflects the water level of the universities in the overall, but the water use efficiency of these three parts reflect it from the microscopic internal structure. Furthermore, water saving technology and water saving management are measures and means for water users to improve water use efficiency, and correspond to the hardware base and software infrastructure in the water conservation work. Combination of both can explain why high and low level of water use efficiency in universities. In other word, water use efficiency embodies the final results to conserve water, and water saving technology and water saving management reflect the concrete process of water-saving work. The three parts complement one another and are an organic whole. As an integral part of university water-saving evaluation, the three together embody the goals of water conservation work with a combination of objective management and process management. They are able to comprehensively reflect the user's water conservation level, and effectively guide the water- saving practice. Finally, the five typical universities have been evaluated respectively, and the evaluation results can reflect the waterusing level among the total universities objectively, the water-using efficiency of water-using departments and the performance of water-saving measures. The results of this research are of important guiding significance to implement the most stringent water resources management system, and promote the construction of water-saving society.