基于能值的哈萨克斯坦可持续发展评价

运用能值方法分析2014—2018年哈萨克斯坦的资源利用和可持续发展状况。结果表明：哈萨克斯坦的总能值使用量约有89.94%依赖于本土不可更新资源,且直接出口大量粗加工原材料（如石油、矿产、金属等）。该国能值货币比率较低（9.50×10¹¹~1.22×10¹² sej/$）,单位货币所购买能值量较小;能值产出率在16.87~26.11范围内波动,从基于能值的可持续发展指数来看,2014年该指数为0.90,系统发展缺乏可持续性;2015—2018年,该指数高于1,系统发展是可持续的。此外,哈萨克斯坦环境负荷较高,主要由于对本土不可更新资源的开采及利用效率较低。对此,提出了加强可再生资源开发力度、提升资源利用效率、改善对外贸易结构等建议,以期为促进哈萨克斯坦的可持续发展提供科学依据。

Evaluation of Kazakhstan's sustainability based on emergy theory

Kazakhstan, an important country along the Belt and Road, is rich in non-renewable resources such as petroleum and minerals. Its economic development ranks first among the five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan) and has friendly trade relations with China. Therefore, understanding the economic development status and sustainable development of Kazakhstan is of great significance to bilateral friendly cooperation. We applied emergy theory to analyze the resource utilization structure, foreign trade status and sustainable development of this country in 2014-2018. The results showed that about 89.94% of Kazakhstan's total emergy used depended on the consumption of local non-renewable resources, and there was a large amount of raw materials (such as petroleum, minerals, metals, etc.) for export, which undoubtedly has a greater impact on the ecological environment and increasing environmental burden of Kazakhstan. And the export of low value-added products placed Kazakhstan in a disadvantaged position in the foreign trade market. The emergy money ratio showed that Kazakhstan's unit currency has low purchasing power (9.50×10¹¹-1.22×10¹² sej/$), and the amount of emergy purchased per unit currency is small, the country's economic development is still at a lower level than that of developed countries. The emergy yield ratio fluctuated within a range of 16.87-26.11. From the perspective of emergy-based sustainability index, the emergy yield ratio was 0.90 in 2014, the system development of Kazakhstan lacked sustainability. From 2015 to 2018, the index was higher than 1, and the system development was sustainable. In addition, Kazakhstan has a high environmental loading ratio, which is mainly due to the exploitation of local non-renewable resources, and the utilization efficiency is low. In view of the above, this paper puts forward suggestions such as strengthening the development of renewable resources, improving resource utilization efficiency, and improving the structure of foreign trade to enhance the competitiveness in the world market, in order to promote the orderly and healthy development of Kazakhstan.