二维钼基纳米抗菌材料的可控制备及抗菌机制研究进展

细菌感染对人体健康构成了极大威胁，超级细菌的耐药问题也愈发严峻，开发新型抗菌制剂已成为业内普遍共识。钼基纳米材料凭借其独特的理化特性和良好的生物相容性，在抗菌领域应用前景广阔。本文从材料结构、制备方法和抗菌机理3个方面综述了二维钼基纳米抗菌材料的研究进展，介绍了物理接触破坏及微环境改变、氧化应激、外源性自由基诱导和金属离子控释4种代表性抗菌机理的研究现状。最后分析了钼基抗菌制剂目前的挑战和未来的发展前景。

Research progress on controllable preparation and mechanism of two-dimensional molybdenum based nanomaterials in antibacterial application

Background, aim, and scope The great threat of human health caused by bacterial infection and the drug resistance of super bacteria is increasing significantly. There is an urgent need for developing new antimicrobial agents. The applications of traditional antibacterial materials are greatly limited due to their poor stability and low biological safety. However, with unique physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility, two-dimensional molybdenum has been developed as new antibacterial materials with excellent disinfection ability. Materials and methods This paper focused on the following aspects: (1) analysis of the structure of molybdenum based nano-materials; (2) discussion of controllable preparation of two-dimensional molybdenum based nano-materials; (3) introduction of antibacterial mechanism of two-dimensional molybdenum based nanomaterials. Results Two-dimensional molybdenum based nano-materials carrying diversity structural characteristics can be controllable synthesized by different strategies. The different properties affect the interaction between nano-materials and bacteria, and further influence their antibacterial efficiency. Discussion On the one hand, molybdenum based nano-materials with typical two-dimensional layered structure are easy to be peeled off into thin nano-sheets through the top-down preparation method, so that they can easily pierce through the phospholipid membrane and lead to the death of bacteria. Meanwhile, two-dimensional molybdenum based nano-materials are often used as carriers for controlled-release metal ion antibacterias due to their large specific surface area. On the other hand, molybdenum (Mo⁶⁺, Mo⁵⁺, Mo⁴⁺) with various valence states can induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by electron transfer. ROS with strong oxidation ability can damage the key organelles of bacteria, which lead to the death of bacteria. The surface properties and vacancies of molybdenum based nano-materials can be regulated by both liquid phase stripping and hydrothermal methods to improve their antibacterial efficiency. Therefore, two-dimensional molybdenum based nano-materials have excellent antibacterial ability in enhancing bacterial oxidative stress, producing exogenous free radicals, sustained-releasing metal ions, physical contact damage and cell microenvironment alteration. Conclusions Two-dimensional molybdenum based nano antibacterial material is a promising antibacterial agent with high biological safety, fast and efficient antibacterial ability. Therefore, it has been highly valued by researchers and developed rapidly. However, the current antibacterial mechanism is unclear. Therefore, more research should be conducted in theoretical research and practical application. Recommendations and perspectives (1) The molecular antibacterial mechanism of two-dimensional molybdenum nanomaterials needs to be further explored. (2) Two-dimensional molybdenum based nanomaterials combined with room temperature catalytic technology have a great prospect in the field of biological aerosol control.