重庆市北碚城区大气中VOCs组成特征研究

2012年3月~2013年2月,使用特制的不锈钢钢瓶采集重庆市北碚城区大气样品,并采用三步预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱法对所采集的气体样品进行检测.本研究共检出78种挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),其中烷烃25种,烯烃15种,芳香烃28种,卤代烃10种.结果表明,重庆市北碚大气中年均浓度最高的前7种VOCs分别为:二氯甲烷(3.08×10-9,体积分数,下同)、苯(2.09×10-9)、异戊烷(1.85×10-9)、甲苯(1.51×10-9)、丙烷(1.51×10-9)、间/对-二甲苯(1.43×10-9)、苯乙烯(1.39×10-9).北碚大气中总挥发性有机物(total volatile organic compounds,TVOCs)浓度为33.89×10-9,季节变化表现为:春季(42.57×10-9)>秋季(33.89×10-9)>冬季(31.91×10-9)>夏季(27.04×10-9).从组成来看,烷烃和芳香烃对TVOCs贡献最大,分别达到31.5%和30.7%;其次是卤代烃类,占27.4%;含量最少的组分是烯烃,所占比例仅为10.4%.采用臭氧生成潜势对VOCs组分活性分析结果表明,烯烃类和芳香烃类化合物是对北碚大气O3生成贡献最大的物质.利用主成分分析法对大气样品中VOCs来源进行分析,发现北碚大气VOCs主要源于机动车尾气排放,贡献比为50.41%.北碚大气中T/B年均值为0.73,表明大气中的苯类物质主要来源于机动车的尾气排放,受溶剂挥发的影响较小.

Composition Characteristics of Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds in the Urban Area of Beibei District, Chongqing

In order to study the composition and distribution of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) in the atmosphere in the urban area of Beibei district, Chongqing, atmospheric samples were collected from March 2012 to February 2013 with special stainless steel cylinders, and analyzed with a three-stage preconcentration method coupled with GC-MS. 78 species of VOCs were detected in this study, of which there were 25 species of alkanes, 15 species of olefins, 28 species of aromatic hydrocarbons and 10 species of halogenated hydrocarbons. The results showed that the top seven species of VOCs according to the order of annual average concentration in the atmosphere of Beibei were: Dichloromethane (3.08×10^-9), Benzene (2.09×10^-9), Isopentane (1.85×10^-9), Toluene (1.51×10^-9), Propane (1.51×10^-9), m/p-xylene (1.43×10^-9) and Styrene (1.39×10^-9). The concentration of TVOCs (Total Volatile Organic Compounds) in the atmosphere of Beibei was 33.89×10^-9during the measuring period, and the seasonal variation was obvious with the order of spring (42.57×10^-9)>autumn (33.89×10^-9)>winter (31.91×10^-9)>summer (27.04×10^-9). In the composition of TVOCs, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons provided the largest contribution to TVOCs (31.5% and 30.7%), followed by halogenated hydrocarbon, accounting for 27.4%, and the last one was olefins, with only 10.4%. By means of ozone formation potential, the analysis results showed that olefins and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds were the two important materials which made the biggest contribution to the formation of ozone in the atmosphere of Beibei. We further analyzed the sources of VOCs in atmosphere of Beibei by the method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Vehicle exhaust was the biggest source and its contribution to VOCs was 50.41%. The calculated results with T/B value also confirmed that traffic was the biggest source contributing to the VOCs in atmosphere of Beibei.