淹水条件下不同氮磷钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响研究

针对稻田土壤镉污染的问题,探讨常用氮、磷、钾肥料品种对土壤镉有效性的影响,采用淹水培养方法,研究了在水稻生长季节施用不同肥料或添加酸、碱对土壤中镉有效性的影响.结果表明,土壤淹水后pH显著增加,特别是培养初期;随着培养时间的延长,pH逐渐回落,并趋向中性.土壤中有效Cd的变化趋势与pH变化趋势相反,两者间存在显著的线性负相关,淹水使土壤有效Cd下降58.2%~84.1%.肥料类型/品种对土壤镉有效性的影响存在显著差异,氮肥的影响较为复杂,钾肥其次,磷肥最小.在所有肥料中,氯化铵对土壤pH降低最多,对Cd的有效性增加最大;其他肥料依次为尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾.硫酸铵、硫酸钾和磷酸一铵都显著降低了土壤Cd的有效性.无论是否经过淹水培养,添加酸、碱后土壤pH与土壤有效Cd呈显著负相关,相关系数(R)分别为-0.994和-0.919.本研究进一步表明,在受Cd污染的酸性水稻土上,应避免施用氯化铵,选用含硫肥料,配合施用碱性物质,并在水稻生长过程中保持淹水状态,可有效降低土壤Cd的有效性.

Effect of Different N, P and K Fertilizers on Soil pH and Available Cd Under Waterlogged Conditions

In order to tackle the problem of Cd pollution in paddy soils and investigate soil available Cd as affected by different fertilizers, incubation experiments were carried out to study the effects of different N, P and K fertilizers and pH by adding acid or base on soil available Cd under waterlogged conditions. Results revealed that soil pH increased sharply after the soil was flooded, especially at the beginning of incubation, and gradually decreased with incubation time and finally tended to approach the neutral values. The patterns of soil pH change were just opposite to those of soil available Cd, a negative correlation observed between the two. Soil flooding made the soil available Cd drop by 58.2%-84.1% . There were significant differences between different fertilizer types/varieties on soil available Cd, being most complex with N fertilizers and followed by K and P fertilizers. Among the fertilizers studied, ammonium chloride showed the unique ability in reducing soil pH and enhancing soil available Cd, and urea, single super phosphate and potassium chloride also promoted to a less extent amounts of Cd extracted from the soil. Ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate and mono-ammonium phosphate significantly decreased soil available Cd compared to the CK treatment. Whether or not the soil was flooded, soil available Cd was highly negatively correlated with soil pH after adding acid or base ( R = - 0.994 without incubation and R = - 0.919 after incubation for 60 d) . The results further suggest that in the Cd polluted paddy soil, use of ammonium chloride should be avoided, S bearing fertilizers in combination with alkaline materials can be adopted, and the rice field should be flooded all the time during growing season, all the these practices can effectively lower soil available Cd.